transferred to this herd from Eaton, Teller, and Golofnin Bay stations, increasing the herd to more than 1,500 before the year 1904.

In 1904, July 1, it had 546 adult males, 791 adult females, and 581 fawns, making a total of 1,918. In 1905 it had 678 adult males, 850 adult females, and 500 fawns, making a total of 2,028.

Number of deer belonging to the station July 1, 1905, 289; to the Government herder, Ole Bahr, 333; to 17 Eskimo apprentices, 913; number of deer belonging to the Government, 492.

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1904, nothing; 1905, nothing. Cost to the Government for superintending herds: 1904, the rental value of Bahr's herd, $600; salary of Bals (herder), $500; total, $1,100; 1905, rental value of Bahr's herd, $600.

Bethel (Kuskokwim River; Moravian).-February 26, 1901, 176 deer were loaned to the Moravian Missionary Society, Bethel, for five years. July 1, 1901, a herd of 100 deer was loaned to Nils Persen Sara, Lapland herder, for five years' services, the same number of deer to be returned July 1, 1906. Another herd of 100 deer was loaned to Per M. Spein, Lapland herder, for five years' services, the same number to be returned July 1, 1906. Total number of deer at the station, 376.

In 1904, July 1, it had 280 adult males, 459 adult females, 307 fawns, making a total of 1,046. In 1905, July 1, it had 280 adult males, 613 adult females, and 436 fawns, making a total of 1,329 deer. Number of deer belonging to the station in 1904, 458; to the two Lapp herders, Sara and Spein, 525; to 4 Eskimo apprentices 41; to the Government 22. Number of deer belonging to the station in 1905, July 1, 567; to the two Lapp herders, 698; to the 4 Eskimo apprentices, 64. In 1906 there will be 376 reindeer due the Government for the loans to the mission and Laplanders.

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1904, nothing; 1905, nothing; 1906, nothing.

Cost to the Government for superintending herds: 1904, $1,200, the same being the estimated rental value of $600 for each of the herds owned by the Lapp herders; in 1905, $1,200 (rental value.)

Kotzebue (Society of Friends).-Ninety-five reindeer loaned September 2, 1901, for five years, the same number to be returned September 2, 1906. July 1, 1901, Alfred S. Nilima, a Lapp herder, was loaned 99 deer for five years, the same to be returned July 1, 1906, for services as herder. Total number of deer at the station, 194.

In 1904, July 1, it had 482 adult deer with 232 fawns, making a total of 714 deer. In 1905, July 1, it had 181 adult males, 315 adult females, 236 fawns, making a total of 732 deer. Two Eskimo herders, with 220 deer, had been transferred to a new station at Kivalina during the winter of 1904-5 (see Kivalina). Counting the number

transferred with the 732 deer the total without transfer would have been 952.

Number of deer belonging to the station July 1, 1904, 239; to the Lapp herder, 245; to 6 Eskimo apprentices, 230. (Due from the station and from the herder, 194 deer in 1906.) Number of deer belonging to the station in 1905, July 1, 310; to the Lapp herder, 370; to 4 Eskimo apprentices, 40; belonging to white men, 12 male deer, trained to harness and kept with the herd. (Due the Government from the station and from the herder, 194 deer in 1906.)

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1904, nothing; 1905, nothing. Cost to the Government for superintending herds: 1904, $600 (estimated rental value of herd); 1905, $600, rental value of herd. Kivalina. In the winter of 1904-5 two native herders, Electoona with a herd of 172 deer, and Otpelle with a herd of 48 deer, making a total of 220 deer, were transferred to Kivalina, an important place on the Arctic Ocean southeast of Point Hope.

Number of deer belonging to the Government in 1905, none; belonging to the station, none; belonging to the two Eskimo apprentices, 220.

Cost to the Government for transferring herd in 1905, $110.60. Cost to the Government for superintending herds, nothing. Nulato (Roman Catholic).-One hundred reindeer loaned to station March, 1901, to be returned March, 1906.

In 1904 it had 150 adults and 66 fawns, making a total of 216 deer. In 1905 it had 194 adults, 96 fawns, making a total of 290.

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1904, nothing; 1905, nothing. Cost to the Government for superintending herds: 1904, $500; 1905, $500.

SUMMARY.

The present status of the mission herds is summed up in the three tables following.

Wales..

Shishma ref.

Deering a

Golofnin Bay.

Teller.

Unalakleet..

Bethel.

Kotzebue.

Kivalina..

Nulato....

Total..

Cost to the Government for reindeer herds at mission stations, 1905.

a For one year an allowance for supplies was made to the herders on account of driving the herd from Wales to Deering.

Gambell (St. Lawrence Island).-During the summer of 1900, 70 reindeer from Siberia were landed at St. Lawrence Island.

Mr. Sheldon Jackson, the general agent of education in Alaska, before employment by the Bureau of Education in 1885 had labored to establish Presbyterian missions for natives in southeast Alaska. When the reindeer experiment began he selected St. Lawrence Island and Point Barrow, and at his suggestion he was authorized by the Commissioner to offer reindeer herds to the Presbyterian missions at these two places. The Presbyterian Board of Home Missions in New York, however, found it impossible to accept the loan in either

case. They have never appointed a missionary at St. Lawrence Island and they declined to accept a reindeer herd at Point Barrow on account of the expense accompanying it. (See explanation for this under Point Barrow.)

It seems that Mr. Jackson was reluctant to give up his plan of cooperation with the Presbyterian Missionary Board at St. Lawrence and Barrow, and hoped that the successful experience with reindeer herds on the part of other missions would induce the Presbyterian Missionary Board to withdraw its objections and accept the herd on the usual conditions and support its quota of apprentices. Mr. Jackson kept the two herds in the name of the Presbyterian Missionary Board until 1905. Had the plan been adopted by the Missionary Board it would have saved to the Government the annual expense of supplies at those stations, namely, for Gambell an average of $2,250 a year, and for Barrow an average of $800 a year, and besides this expense for supplies it would have saved the cost of one-half of the expense for the superintending of the herd, or $600 a year at each place, or a total of more than $4,000 a year.

In 1904, July 1, there were in the reindeer herd on St. Lawrence Island 60 adult males, 87 adult females, 65 fawns, making a total of 212. There were 4 apprentices owning 58 deer. The Government owned. 154 deer. Severe storms during the winter of 1904-5 caused great mortality among the fawns born early in the spring season. In 1905, July 1, there were 64 males, 91 females, and 34 fawns, making a total of 189.

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1904, $3,092.58; 1905, $888.72; 1906, $2,776.41.

Cost to the Government for superintending herd: 1904, $3,274.29; 1905, $1,100; 1906, $600.

Point Barrow (Presbyterian Mission).-In September, 1898, 100 deer were offered as a loan to the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions for their station at Point Barrow, the same number to be returned in September, 1903. The deer were left on the request of the United States agent, Sheldon Jackson, at Point Barrow by Lieutenant Jarvis, of the Revenue Service, who represented the Secretary of the Treasury in the settlement with the reindeer stations on the Arctic for reindeer borrowed by the Government for the relief expedition to Point Barrow to succor certain whaling vessels at or near that point imprisoned in the ice in the winter and spring of 1898. In August, 1899, 25 deer were given to Ojello, Eskimo herder at the station. Total deer at station, 125.

The Presbyterian board declined the loan for financial reasons, and offered instead to render all the assistance in their power to the reindeer station by selecting good apprentices and making them selfsupporting so far as possible by teaching and directing them how to

gather at proper seasons and store native food (whales driven ashore, walrus, seals, wild birds, fish, etc.) in caches for winter use.

In 1905, July 1, it had 169 adult males, 298 adult females, and 162 fawns, making a total of 629 deer.

Number of deer belonging to 10 apprentices in 1905, 546; belonging to Government, 83.

Cost to the Government for supplies: 1903, $814.99; 1904,$855.35; 1905, nothing.

By the care of Mr. Spriggs, the present superintendent of the station, the native food supply for apprentices has been sufficient to support the 10 apprentices at that station with the aid of the Government supplies, amounting to ($814.99 in 1903; $815.35 in 1904, which have lasted over to end of the fiscal year 1905) $1,630.25 for three fiscal years, the same being an average of $543.42 per year, or $54.34 for each apprentice, which is less than a third of the average expense to the mission stations for deer apprentices, and about one-tenth the maximum cost to the Government for such apprentices.

Cost to the Government for superintending herd: 1904, $1,500; 1905, $1,125.

The number of apprentices is three times as large as the size of the herd (629) warrants, and is far larger than is advisable. This has happened through the fact that no information was received at this office which gave a clue to the plan of the mission until the summer of 1905. There were two years when the Government revenue cutter could not reach Point Barrow on its summer cruise on account of ice.

In the following table (Parts I and II) the appropriations made by Congress for the Bureau of Education each year since its establish