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INDEX.

Adams, John, views on independ- | Bacon, Roger, said to have invented

ence, 311; theory of govern-
ment, 333; vice-president, 338;
president, 356.

Adams, John Quincy, presideney
of, 387.

Africa, early civilization in, 6.
Albigenses, 264.

Alcuin aids Charlemagne in found-
ing schools, 43.
Alderame, founder of House of
Montferrat, 66.
Alien Act, 358.

Alison, account of the death of
Marie Antoinette, 113; of Robes-
pierre's execution, 119.
America, early civilization, 9; dis-
covery of, 51, 283.
Anglo-Saxons, converted to Christi-
anity, 41.

Angoulême, Duchess of, 121.
Anne of Austria, Regent, 87.
Antoinette, Marie, execution of, 112.
Aristocracy in France, 59; war
against, 77.

Aristotle, works of, 18.

gunpowder, 80.

Baldwin, Count of Flanders, anec-
dote of, 158.

Bank of discount, first established
in France, 95.

of France established, 133.
of the United States created,
342, 379.

Barebones parliament, 227.
Barons, feudal, in Italy, 66; conflict
with crown, 76; secure Magna
Charta, 162; war against the
king, 165; summon great council,
167; powers under Edward II.,
168; defeated by the king, 170.
Barras commands the troops of the
Convention, 123; member of the
Directory, 125.

Bastille, 105.

Beckett, Thomas à, assassinated,
161.

Boleyn, Anne, marriage with Henry
VIII., 181.

Bordeaux, Duke de, 145; Charles
abdicates in favor of, 147.

Arius, disbelief in divinity of Christ, Boston Port Bill, 304.

38.

Armies, standing, origin of, 83.

Arnold, Benedict, treason of, 323.
Asia, seat of the first civilization, 1;
religion of, 3.

Assignats, origin of, 106.

Bouchard, founder of House of
Montmorency, 64.

Bouillon, Duke of, defeat of, 86.
Bouillon, Godfrey de, 261.
Bourgeoisie, 85.

Brahminism, 3.

Athens, government, 15; classes of Bretagne, Count of, vassal of Wil-

inhabitants, 15.

Austria, subjugation of, 138.

Bacon, Lord, comments on reign of
Henry VII., 178; condemned, 204.

liam of Normandy, 61.
Buckle, on Egyptian civilization, 6;
adopts Montesquieu's theory of
civilization, 25; on military duty,
81; gunpowder, 82; standing ar

mies, 83; the feudal system, 91; | Charter government, 293.

criticised, 200; on the Treaty of
Westphalia, 277.
Buddhism, 3.

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Calabria, captured by William of
Normandy, 61.

Calvin, John, 269.

Chivalry, origin of, in France, 59.
Christ, the Saviour, advent of, 31;
mission of, 32.

Christian converts, enthusiasm of,
in Rome, 33.
Christian priests, 43.
Christianity, rise, 30; nature, 32;
growth, 32-37; accepted by Con-
stantine, 37; sects, 38; progress
in Asia, 41.

Church, character of the early, 40.
Church of England established, 190.

Calvinism introduced into Scot- Church of Rome, 259; denounced

land, 270.

Canada, discovery of, 283.
Cannon, early use of, in war, 83.
Capet, Hugh, declared King of
France, 58.
Capitularies, 44.

Carnot, member of the French Di-
rectory, 126.
Castle kings, 67.

Catherine divorced from Henry
VIII., 183.

Catholics in reign of Henry VIII.,
187.

persecuted in England, 191.
Centralization in France, 135.
Centuries in Rome, 28.
Chambord, Count de, 145; Charles
abdicates in favor of, 147.
Charlemagne, advent, 43; character,
44; successors, 57.
Charles the Bold, 57.

Charles I. ascends the English
throne, 207; dissolves parliament,
210; war with Scotland, 210; calls
Long Parliament, 212; contest
with the commons, 215; civil war,
217; imprisoned, 222; trial and
execution, 223.

Charles II., proclaimed king, 235;
returns from exile, 238; restora-
tion, 239; conspiracy against,
241; laws passed, 246; death,
247; character, 247; anecdotes
of, 248.

Charles VII., of France, said to
have raised first standing army
in Europe, 84.

Charles X. succeeds to the French
throne, 146; abdicates, 147.
Charron, 271.

by Luther, 267.

Cicero, opinion of government, 26,
333.

Cinq Mars, Marquis of, executed,

86.

Civilization, First, 1; nature, 2;

Second, 6; Third, 12; influences
on, 23; Fourth, 30.

Clergy in France, 91; struggle with
Feudality, 92.

Climate, influence of, on civilization,
1, 6, 22.
Clovis, 56.

Code Napoléon, 132.

Colonies in America, 293; form
union, 294; resist England, 299;
war begun, 308; become sovereign
states, 314; confederation, 318.
Columbus, Christopher, 283.
Committee of Public Safety, 108;

created, 111; exercises absolute
dictatorship, 117.

Commons, House of, created, 165;
sit separately from lords, 170;
impeachments, 172; privileges,
203; struggle with James, 204,
205; antagonism to Charles, 208;
divisions of, 210; dissolution of
by Charles, 210; remonstrance
against the crown, 214.
Commune, origin, 77; under Louis
VI., 79; privileges curtailed, 93,
governs Paris, 108; ruled by
Robespierre, 109.

Condillac, publishes "Treatise on
Sensations," 98.

Confederation of American colo-
nies, 318; failure of, 325.
Confederation of the Rhine, 136.
Confucius, death of, 17.

Congress, continental, meets, 305;
second meeting, 308; meeting of
United States, 338.
Constantine accepts Christianity,
37, 40.

De Tocqueville, on Athens, 16; on
equality, 31, 50.

Diderot, publishes Encyclopædia,

97.

Directory in France, 121; parties
of, 125; assumes dictatorial
power, 126; opposition to, 127.

Duke, origin of title, 58.

Constitution of the United States,
330.
Constitutional Convention in Phila- Ducos created consul, 130.
delphia, 328.
Constitutional government, origin
of, in England, 253.
Constitutionalists, their struggle for
power in France, 125.
Constitutions of Clarendon, 161.
Consuls in Rome, 28.

Continental blockade, 137.

Corday, Charlotte, 113.

Ecclesiastical court revived, 250.
Edict.of Nantes, 271; revoked, 276.
Edward the Confessor, laws of, 159.
Edward I. succeeds to English
throne, 168.

Edward II., succession of, 168;
character, 169; deposed, 170.

Cordeliers, founded by Danton, 109. Edward III. of England, recog-

Council of the Ancients, 122.

of Five Hundred, 122.

of Nice, 38.

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Henry's divorce, 182; made arch-
bishop of Canterbury, 183;
executed, 189.
Cromwell, Oliver, advent of, 209;
leader of the Puritans, 214;
sketch of his life, 218; master of
parliament, 222; anecdote of,
223; disperses parliament, 226;
vocations of his officers, 227; pro-
tector, 228; foreign policy, 229;
aspirations for the crown, 230;
death, 232; character, 233.
Cromwell, Richard, succeeds his
father as protector, 234.
Crown, conflict with barons, 76.
Crusades, 261.

Dampierre, Guy de, 62.
Danes in England, 152.
Danton, character, 109; rules
National Assembly, 111; com-
pared with Robespierre, 113;
execution, 114.

Dark Ages, 42; summary, 395.
Delaware, early settlers, 284.
Democracy, rise of, 48.

Descartes, influence of, 101, 272.
Desmoulins, Camille, execution of,

114.

De Soto discovers the Mississippi
River, 283.

nized as King of France, 63;
reign of, 170.

Edward IV., King of England, 175.
Edward V. proclaimed King of
England, 175.

Edward VI. succeeds to English
throne, 188.

Egbert, King of Wessex, 151.
Egypt, early civilization in, 6;
religion of, 7.

Elizabeth, accession of, 190; char-
acter, 191; reign, 195; death,
197.

Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI.,
executed, 115.

Embargo law passed by United
States, 369.

Empire in France, 135; opposition
to, 136; fall of, 139; extent of,
141.

Empire of the West, overthrown by
Odoacer, 29.

Encyclopædia, published by Did-
erot and D'Alembert, 97.
England, Saxon epoch, 151; Nor-
man conquest, 155; feudal sys-
tem introduced, 155; feudality
vanquishes the monarchy, 162;
Magna Charta, 162; House of
Commons created, 165; powers
of the king, 166; parliament
summoned, 167; Wales annexed
168; legislative functions of par
liament recognized, 173; the
monarchy again in the ascend-
ant, 177; reign of Henry VIII.,

180; accession of Elizabeth, 190;
decline of the monarchy, 201;
reign of Charles I., 207; the
Revolution of 1688, 212; contest
between Charles and parliament,
212; civil war, 217; Cromwell,
218; military despotism, 224; the
protectorate, 228; death of Crom-
well, 232; restoration of Charles
II., 239; origin of whigs and
tories, 243; limited monarchy,
249: crown ceases to be held by
divine right, 253; material pro-
gress, 254; acquires North Amer-
ica, 284; measures against Amer-
ican colonies, 299; war with same,
308; treaty of peace, 323; com-
mercial relations with United
States, 367; war with United
States, 372; summary, 398.
Epicureans, philosophy of, 20.
Equality of men, first preached by
Christ, 31.

Essex, Earl of, commands parlia-
mentary forces against Charles,

218.

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97; skepticism, 102; revolution
104; National Assembly meets,
105; divided into departments,
106; church property sold, 106
proceedings of Legislative Assem-
bly, 107; committee of public
safety, 108; parties of the Mon-
tagne and the Gironde, 109; re-
public proclaimed, 110; war pro-
claimed against England, Hol-
land, and Spain, 110; reign of
terror, 111; under Robespierre,
115; death of Danton, 114; of
Robespierre, 119; National Con-
vention supreme, 121; the Direc-
tory, 121; advent of Napoleon,
123; war against foreign nations,
124; the consulate, 131; under
Napoleon, 132; the empire, 135;
Napoleonic Wars, 136; restora-
tion of the monarchy, 140; Water-
loo, 141; second restoration, 142;
parties, 143; downfall of the
monarchy, 146; assists American
colonists, 322; relations with the
United States, 357; summary,
397.

Franklin, Benjamin, views on inde-
pendence, 312.

Franks converted to Christianity,

41.

Fronde, war of the, 87.

Garter, order of, founded, 171.
Gaul, invasions of, 67.
Genet, 345.

George III., cause of American war,
313.

Georgia settled, 284.

Germans accept Christianity, 41;
occupy Gaul, 67.

Flanders, Count of, assassin of Girondists, 108; leaders of, 110;

William of Normandy, 61.
Florida, discovery of, 283.
Fouquier Tinville, 117; beheaded,
121.

France, classes, 49; middle ages,
57; divisions, 58; conflict be-
tween crown and barons, 76;
introduction of printing, 85; es-
tablishment of the monarchy, 88;
first bank of discount, 95; loses
Canada and East India posses-
sions, 96; intellectual activity,

imprisoned, 111.

Goths accept Christianity, 41.
Government, theories of, 330.
Greece, growth of civilization, 14;
converted into a Roman prov-
ince, 21; religion, 21; aspects of
nature, 23; compared with India,

24.

Greek Church separated from Ro-
man Church, 41.
Gregorian calendar annulled in
France, 110.

Gregory VII., 260,

Grey, Lady Jane, executed, 189.
Guise, Duke de, 63,

Guizot, comments on Charlemagne,
45; character of Washington, 354.
Gunpowder, invention of, 79.
Gunpowder Plot, 202.

Habeas Corpus Act, 246.

Hume, sketch of character of Charles
II., 247.

Hundred Days, The, 141.
Huss, John, 265.

Hyde, Sir Edward, 246.

Iconoclastic controversy, 41.
Impeachment power first exercised,
170.

Hamilton, General, opposition to Independence, struggle begun in

Burr, 363.

Hampden, John, 210.

Harold II., last Saxon king, 154.
Hartford Convention, 378.
Hastings, battle of, 145.

Hazlitt, account of death of Robes-
pierre, 119; comments on Napo-
leon, 123.

Hébert executed, 114.

Helvetius writes "The Mind," 98.
Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.,
207; character, 216.
Henry, Prince de Léon, 65.
Henry I. ascends English throne,
160.

Henry II., Duke of Montmorency,
64.

Henry II., King of England, 161.
Henry III., King of England, 164.
Henry IV. succeeds to English
throne, 172.

Henry IV. of France, 271.
Henry V. ascends English throne,
174.

Henry VI. proclaimed King of

England and France, 174.
Henry VII., King of England, char-
acter of reign, 178.
Henry VIII. ascends English
throne, 180; marriage with Anne
Boleyn, 181; head of the Church,
184; wives, 188.

Heroic Age, in Greece, 14.
Hindostan, seat of the first civili-
zation, 1; caste in, 2; inhabitants
compared with the Greeks, 24.
Holland annexed to France, 138.
Homer, date of poems, 14.
House of Commons created, 165;
sit separately from the lords, 170.
Howe, Gen., in command of British
forces, 315.
Hudson, Henry, 284.
Huguenots, 270.

America, 306; declaration of; 308.
Independents, compose Rump Par-
liament, 235; decline, 237.

India, seat of the first civilization, 1;
religion, 3; aspects of nature, 23;
compared with Greece, 24.
Innocent III., interdicts of, 263.
Innocent IV. excommunicates Em-
peror of Germany, 263.
Inquisition established, 263.
Institutes of Menu, 1.
International law, origin of, 277.
Ireland, early period, 151; invaded
by Cromwell, 224.
Italy, wars in, 262.

Jacobins, 109; club closed, 121.
James I. ascends English throne,
201; struggle with parliament,

204.

James II. of England, accession of,
249; acts of toleration, 250; an
exile, 252.

Jay, John, negotiates treaty with
England, 347.

Jefferson, Thomas, views on Inde-
pendence, 312; member of Wash-
ington's cabinet, 340; relations
with Washington, 350; author of
"Kentucky Resolutions," 359;
presidency of, 363.

Jesuits, order of, suppressed, 276.
John ascends English throne, 161;

reign, 162; death, 164.
John, Count of St. Pol, 63.
Johnson, Andrew, impeachment,
336.

Jury trial, origin of, 161.
Justinian Code, 27, 28.

Knight, duties in France, 60.
Knighthood, created in France, 59;
abolished, 106.
Knox, John, 270.

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