children until 16 years of age, or for life if helpless. The widow's pension is payable to a former widow who has remarried if the subsequent marriage or marriages have been dissolved by death, or by divorce without the fault of the wife. If, however, during remarriage the pension has been paid to the children, the pension may return to the widow only if the children are in her care.

At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, there were 500,102 Civil War pensioners on the bureau's roll. The disbursements in that year on account of Civil War pensions aggregated $246,548,919.34. Of these pensioners, 5276 with pensions aggregating $7,055,203.58 in 1921, were under the general law. Of the total Civil War pensioners on the roll on June 30, 1921, 218,775 were survivors and invalids, 102 were nurses, and 281,225 were widows and other dependents. The entire amount paid to pensioners of the Civil War up to June 30, 1921, was $5,749,030,455.07. Pensions on Account of the War with Spain, the Philippine Insurrection, and the China Relief Expedition. An act was passed on April 22, 1898 (30 Stat. L., 361), the day after the declaration of War with Spain, providing that all officers and enlisted men of the volunteer army, and of the militia of the states when in the service of the United States should be in all respects on the same footing as to pay allowances and pensions as officers and enlisted men of corresponding grades in the regular Army.

Special pension provision in the form of service pensions for survivors of the War with Spain, the Philippine insurrection, and the China relief expedition was made by the act approved June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 982), which grants a pension of not less than $12 or more than $30 per month, according to degree of inability to earn a support, to all persons who served in any of those wars for ninety days or more in the military or naval service of the United States, who have been honorably discharged, and who by reason of mental or physical disability of a permanent character, not the result of their own vicious habits, are incapacitated for manual labor so as to render them unable to earn a support. These disabilities need not have been due to injury or disease incurred in the line of duty. If such a person reaches the age of 62 years he is entitled to a minimum of $12 per month; 68 years, $18; 72 years, $24; and 75 years, $30 per month.

An act of September 1, 1922 (42 Stat. L., 834), provides a pension of $100 per month for persons who while in the military or naval service of the United States in the war with Spain, the Philippine insurrection, or the Chinese Boxer rebellion, have in the line of duty, "lost both hands or both feet or been totally disabled therein, or who while in such service and in like manner sustained injuries that proved the direct cause of the subsequent total disability of both hands or both feet."

The same act extends the benefits of the above-mentioned act of June 5, 1920, " to include any woman who served honorably as an Army nurse, chief nurse, or superintendent of the Nurse Corps under contract for ninety days or more between the beginning of the War with Spain and February 2, 1901, when the Nurse Corps (female) was declared by law a component part of the Army, and any such nurse who was released from service before the expiration of ninety days because of disability contracted in line of duty in said service," the nurses released from service before February 2, 1901, to have the same status in all respects as members of that corps who served after that time.

The act of April 22, 1898, gave the widows and children of officers and enlisted men of the volunteer army and of the militia of the states serving in the War with Spain, the same pensionable status as the widows and children of officers and enlisted men of the regular Army. The act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 398, 408), provided that the pension of such a widow shall not be less than $25 per month. The act of March 3, 1899 (30 Stat. L. 1379), providing certain limitations with regard to the date of marriage of widows claiming military or naval pensions, has a proviso exempting the widows of persons who served in the War with Spain from these limitations.

An act of July 16, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 903), provides a pension rate of $12 per month for the widow during widowhood, or if no such widow, to the minor children, and $2 per month additional for each minor child of a volunteer officer or enlisted man, or an officer or enlisted man of the regular establishment who rendered ninety days or more actual military or naval service in the United States Army, Navy or Marine Corps in the war with Spain, or the Philippine insurrection, or as a participant in the Chinese Boxer rebellion, who was honorably discharged, and who died leaving a

widow without means of support other than her daily labor and an actual net income not exceeding $250 per year, or leaving a child or children under 16 years of age. This pension is payable regardless of the cause of the death of the officer or enlisted man. The marriage, however, must have taken place before July 16, 1918, to entitle the widow to such a pension.

Much more liberal provision for such widows and children was made by the above-mentioned act of September 1, 1922, which provides" that the widow of any officer or enlisted man who served 90 days or more in the Army, Navy or Marine Corps of the United States during the war with Spain, the Chinese Boxer rebellion or the Philippine insurrection, between April 21, 1898 and July 4, 1902," and was honorably discharged," or regardless of length of service, was discharged for or died in service of a disability incurred in the service and line of duty, such widow having married such soldier, sailor or marine prior to the passage of this act, shall upon due proof of her husband's death, without proving his death to be the result of his Army or Navy service, be placed upon the pension roll from the date of the filing of her application" at the rate of $20 per month during widowhood. A former widow whose subsequent marriage was dissolved either by the death of the husband or by divorce without fault on her part is also entitled to the pension. An additional pension of $4 per month is allowed the widow for each child under 16 years of age of such officer or enlisted man, this payment to be made to the child or children if the widow dies or remarries. If a minor is mentally or physically helpless his pension continues during life or during period of such disability.

The same act also makes provision for the dependent parents of such officers and enlisted men. It provides that "all dependent parents of any officer or enlisted man who served in the war with Spain, in the Philippine insurrection, or the Chinese Boxer rebellion, whose names are now on the pension roll, or who are now entitled to pensions under any existing law, shall be entitled to and shall be paid a pension at the rate of $20 per month."

At the close of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, there were 39,282 pensioners of the War with Spain on the roll. The disbursements in that year on account of pensioners of the War with Spain amounted to $6,171,569.82. Of these pensioners 22,841,

with pensions aggregating $3,674,830.09, were under the general law. Of the total pensioners of the War with Spain, 31,066 were invalids and 8216 were widows. The entire amount paid in pensions on account of the War with Spain until June 30, 1921 was $76,007,334.21.

/World War Pensions. The persons who participated in the World War are mainly provided for under the so-called compensation system, by which payments are made by the Veterans' Bureau, under the act of October 6, 1917. Pension cases filed prior to December 24, 1919, however, based on disability of service origin between April 6 and October 6, 1917, come within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Pensions under the provisions of the general law. There were ninety-five pensioners of the World War on the roll of the Pension Bureau on June 30, 1921. On the same date in 1920 there were 128; in 1919, 115; and in 1918, fifty-six such pensioners. Two of the pensioners on June 30, 1921 were beneficiaries under special acts. The disbursements by the Bureau of Pensions for World War pensions in 1921 were $25,394.37. The total amount paid for pensions of this character up to June 30, 1921, inclusive, was $99,404.40.

Pensions for Medal-of-Honor Men. A pension of $10 per month for life, in addition to any other pension under an existing or subsequent law, after reaching the age of 65 years, is provided for medal-of-honor men in the act of April 27, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 52). This act makes it the duty of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy to certify to the Commissioner of Pensions the names of persons entered on this roll, such certificates being the Commissioner's authority for the payment of the pensions. An amendment of June 30, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 54), provides for the method of payment of these pensions.

Navy and Privateer Pension Funds. On March 2, 1799 (1 Stat. L., 709), and April 23, 1800 (2 Stat. L., 53), laws were enacted for the creation of a Navy pension fund which was to be made up of the government's share of money accruing from the sale of prizes taken at sea by vessels of the Navy. This fund was intended to provide half-pay pensions for life, or during disability, to all disabled officers and men of the Navy. Acts approved January 20,

1813 (2 Stat. L., 790), and March 4, 1814 (3 Stat. L., 103), granted half-pay pensions for five years to the widows and orphans of those who should die by reason of wounds received in the line of duty in the Navy. As the half-pay pensions for widows and orphans expired from time to time, they were usually renewed for periods of five years.

An act of March 3, 1837 (5 Stat. L., 180), was approved granting pensions to the widows, and, if there were no widows, to the children under 21 years of age of all officers, seamen, and marines, who had died or might thereafter die in the naval service, regardless of the cause of death, to be paid from the dates of their death, and to be half-pay of the Navy as such pay was on January 1, 1835; and by providing that pensions already granted or to be granted to invalids should be paid from the time they were disabled. The act resulted in the exhaustion of the navy pension fund in 1842, two years after the fund had been transferred to the Office of the Commissioner of Pensions. From that time until the Civil War, Navy pensions were paid by annual appropriations made by Congress.

The outbreak of the Civil War resulted in the receipt of large sums of money from the sale of prizes at sea, and in consequence, Congress, by the act of July 17, 1862 (12 Stat. L., 607), authorized the reëstablishment of the Navy pension fund. This act charged only Navy invalid pensions upon the fund, which pensions were paid from the Office of the Commissioner of Pensions at the regular rates established by the pension laws. The fund was placed in the custody of the Secretary of the Navy.

An act of June 26, 1812 (2 Stat. L., 759), provided for the establishment of a privateer pension fund for the payment of pensions, by the Secretary of the Navy, to those who were wounded and disabled on board the private armed vessels of the United States in engagements with the enemy, and to the widows and orphans of such as died by reason of their wounds. The fund was exhausted and ceased to exist in 1837, but the act of June 15, 1844 (5 Stat. L., 667), renewed the pensions, and they were thereafter included in the ordinary pension appropriations. The provisions of law regarding the privateer pension fund, while still on the statute books, have become obsolete.

At the present time the Secretary of the Navy is the trustee of the Navy pension fund, and he is required to cause to be invested