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examination is excluded, however, by the treaties under consideration.

There are numerous and vital differences between the Franco-Swiss and the Franco-Belgian treaties. Only one of them need be noticed here. The Franco-Swiss treaty lays down common rules of jurisdiction for both countries, so that the same rule will govern, whether the suit is brought in the one country or in the other. The Franco-Belgian treaty, on the other hand, assimilates the subjects of the contracting parties juridically so that in the matter of jurisdiction the local law of each country, applicable to the subjects of such state, is applied also to the subjects of the other state. One rule may therefore govern the cases brought in the French courts and another rule those brought in the Belgian courts. Professor Pillet prefers the method adopted by the Franco-Swiss treaty, for the reason that the laying down of common rules carries out as far as possible the idea of equality and avoids unforeseen circumstances in the application of the treaty.

E. G. LORENZEN.

Aéronefs sanitaires et conventions de la Croix-Rouge. By Ch.-L. Julliot.
Paris: A. Pedone. 1913. pp. 110.

The value of this brochure to the publicist is its objective completeness. M. Julliot devotes at least four-fifths of his space to the conditions confronted by the sanitary corps on the modern battlefield and the possibility of securing improvement by the employment of aircraft to find and to transport the wounded to central stations. He has not gone with any thoroughness into the legal problems involved in making the sanitary service three-dimensional, but has conscientiously sought out the practical difficulties of such a change and has offered at least a partial solution of them. Considering the thoroughness of his objective study, it is regrettable that he did not take the time to draft a project meeting the conditions to be realized in his opinion, and which might form the basis of examination by interested bodies.

M. Julliot has himself made several efforts to secure the adaptation of the Red Cross conventions to permit of the employment of aircraft, but the average reader will readily agree with the opinion that such adaptation is premature, an opinion officially expressed by the bureau of international unions of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in reply to a request for the convocation of a conference on the subject. Yet,

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though action is not possible at present, it is essential that the problem and its elements be understood, and such understanding M. Julliot's pages renders easy.

Even the best of sanitary arrangements are inadequate in modern warfare. The battlefield is no longer restricted and the conflict no longer short. When the lines stretch over heterogeneous country for thirty or forty miles and the troops are in action for days, even weeks, at a time, humanitarian feeling is staggered at the suffering and loss of life the mere conditions entail. Hundreds of wounded must lie for days without attention, many must die for want of aid. Corpses clutter up the trenches and, putrefying, tend to breed disease. The battle line of trenches advances or retards and the nests of wounded once near enough to their comrades for aid to be summoned are marooned in a sea of death to die by degrees because the sanitary service cannot find them. M. Julliot recites these conditions with a wealth of evidence, and submits that aircraft operating from above would reduce the inhumanity of the conditions to a minimum. But, granting that aircraft are to be employed, it is obvious that the enemy would be permitting the almost perfect survey of his military operations in the interest of humanity. Quite as obviously such a situation will not be allowed. How, then, are sanitary aircraft to work? On examination, the existing Red Cross conventions are found to offer insufficient guaranty and insufficient protection, and new conventions are therefore necessary to realize the purpose in mind. It should be interesting to admirers of the work of Paul Fauchille that M. Julliot does not materially go beyond what that talented French publicist wrote on the subject in 1899 in the Revue générale de droit international public. M. Fauchille's proposal, somewhat amended, is as follows:

Considering that it is of the highest importance that search for the wounded in war on the field of battle should be conducted by means of sanitary avions; but, considering that sanitary avions manned by a personnel of belligerent nationality could not proceed with this search while enjoying the immunities of the Geneva convention on account of the indiscretions which, from a legitimate patriotic sentiment, their machines inevitably would commit on the forces and strategic positions of the enemy surprised by them; considering that it is not possible to employ sanitary avions manned by a personnel of neutral nationality for finding wounded, states not being constrained to furnish a sanitary personnel in a war to which they are not parties; considering that it is desirable to approach for a work of this nature an organization independent both of belligerent and neutral states; considering that this organization can be none other than the International Committee of the Red Cross, the object of

which is to aid by the means in its power the assistance of wounded soldiers without distinction of nationality.

"And for these reasons," says M. Julliot, "M. Fauchille asks that the International Committee of the Red Cross be invited in time of peace, and with the pecuniary aid of the various states and the Red Cross societies of the different countries, to constitute squadrons of sanitary avions, carrying the Red Cross flag and piloted by persons belonging to all nationalities, which it could place in case of war at the disposition of belligerents."

Such is the conclusion that M. Julliot accepts as his own. It seems to be a logical solution of the problem he set himself to solve.

DENYS P. MYERS.

Justicia Internacional Positiva. By Dr. E. S. Zeballos. Valencia and
Madrid: F. Semper y Compañia. 1911. pp. 225.

These ten lectures of the distinguished Argentine statesman and publicist, Dr. Estanislao S. Zeballos, on "Positive International Justice" were delivered in his course on Private International Law, or, as he calls it, "Private Human Law," at the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires in 1910. They are valuable from several points of view,-chiefly as an exposition of the author's views on the subject of "Private Human Law," which he considers as a most important topic for study in Argentina, owing to the many problems connected with immigration, commerce, property rights and civil liberty which are constantly occurring in that new and rapidly developing republic.

Dr. Zeballos considers that the study of "Private Human Law" indicates the desire of states to regulate their foreign affairs by rules. of law. He then carefully traces the progress of arbitration in the world at large, with especial reference to America, both North and South, and the applications of the principle of arbitration to the development of "Private Human Law," which he considers may be regarded from four distinct points of view,-the rights of persons, the rights of things, the rights of judicial acts and the execution of foreign judgments. He considers Story's Conflict of Laws as the first work which organically and scientifically embraced these various phases of his topic. The influence of South America, and especially of Argentina, on the development of "Private Human Law" is treated in great detail, and much

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valuable information is brought out, with especial reference to the Convention of Lima of 1878 and that of the jurists at Montevideo in 1889, and the work of the celebrated Uruguayan jurisconsult, Dr. Gonzalo Ramirez, toward codifying "Private Human Law."

CHARLES LYON CHANDLER.

Grotius Internationaal Jaarboek voor 1913. s'Gravenhage: Martinus
Nijhoff. 1913. pp. iv, 434.

This useful little book, edited by Messrs. van der Flier, de Jong van Beek en Donk, van der Mandere, and ter Meulen, is the first volume of an International Yearbook which is henceforth to be published annually. There has been a distinct demand for such a publication and the present volume is intended to furnish Dutch readers with information concerning the international activities of the year. It is, of course, in the nature of an experiment as every new attempt of this sort must be-and there is, no doubt, much room for improvement in future editions. It does not, however, pretend to compete with the monumental Jahrbuch des Völkerrechts edited by Niemeyer and Strupp.1 But the mere fact that the book saw the light in Holland, the home of the great international jurist whose name appears on the title-page, is in itself significant. For it would seem to indicate an increased interest on the part of the Dutch in international law, and a realization that their country-as the seat of the Hague court-may perhaps be assigned a rôle whose moral influence in the council of states might be far greater than either its size or strength would warrant.

A glance at the table of contents will give an idea of what the editors proposed to do. There is, first of all, a short article on the life and work of the late General den Beer Poortugael, the eminent Dutch soldier and scholar whose writings on the laws of war and enthusiastic advocacy of disarmament had won for him an international reputation. Then (pp. 19-53) follows an article on the "Development of the Community of States" ("Statengemeenschap") contributed by Jacob ter Meulen, and one entitled "The Press as an Apostle of Peace" by Dr. Kuyper. A brief survey of the world politics of the year 1912 and of the international relations of the Netherlands practically concludes the Dutch portion of the book. The remaining and most useful part (beginning p. 99) is, with the exception of an account of the international con

1 Reviewed in this JOURNAL, Vol. 8, p. 180.

gresses held in the Netherlands in 1913, composed of documents which are either in French or English and can therefore be readily consulted by everybody. We have here the text of the convention of 1912 concerning the unification of the laws governing bills of exchange, with an introduction by the late T. M. C. Asser, and of the opium convention signed January, 1912, at The Hague. A bibliography of public international law for the year 1912 (pp. 157-165), while not exhaustive, is valuable because it includes a number of doctors' dissertations not easily found elsewhere. A bibliography of private international law is promised in a future edition. A very welcome feature of the book will doubtless be the collection of the official texts of the decisions which have so far been rendered by the Hague Tribunal (pp. 246-386). The need for a convenient place where these decisions could be consulted has long been felt. A list of all present and former members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration is also included. The last two sections of the Annual contain, respectively, the texts of the arbitration treaties signed by the Netherlands, and a list of international organizations whose headquarters are in the Netherlands. It seems a pity that the absence of an index-still so frequent in foreign publications-should have been allowed to impair the usefulness also of this reference book.

A. VAN H. ENGERT.

The Panama Canal Conflict between Great Britain and the United States of America: A Study. By L. Oppenheim, M. A., LL.D., Whewell Professor of International Law in the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: University Press. 1913. pp. 57.

The Panama Canal Controversy: A Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on October 25, 1913. By Sir H. Erle Richards, K. C., K. C. S. I., B. C. L., M. A., Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, and Fellow of All Souls College. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1913. pp. 48.

These two brochures by distinguished professors of international law at Cambridge and Oxford set forth very clearly and concisely what is usually spoken of as the British view of the Panama Canal controversy, a view which, however, it should be remembered, is also held by a large number, if not a majority, of American authorities on international law. Both writers claim that the expression "all nations" in Article III, Rule 1, of the Hay-Pauncefore Treaty includes the United States, and that therefore that part of the Panama Canal Act of Au

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