Brussels, and Florence; Geographical Society ing farmers and merchants, had almost comof Lima; and of the Royal Society of Edin- plete control of the transportation of freight burgh. Honorary academician of the Museum of up and down the Hudson River. There were the National University of La Plata; Foreign no railways in those days, but the New York Associate, Anthropological Societies of Paris and Albany steamboats engaged in an active and Stockholm. Corresponding member of An- traffic. The favorable situation of Peekskill thropological Societies of Berlin and Rome; of on the east bank of the Hudson made it the British Association for the Advancement of market for the country back of it, as far as Science; the Society of Americanists in the Connecticut State line, and the shipping Paris; and the Academy of Belles-Lettres, point of its produce to New York, about forty History and Antiquities of Stockholm. He was miles distant. Chauncey Depew received his a member of the following clubs: Cambridge elementary instruction from his mother, a Saturday Club; Harvard Religious Club; Har-woman of unusual education and culture. He vard Travellers' Club; Naturalists' Club; next attended a small school conducted by Thursday Club; Examiner Club, Boston; Ex- the wife of a local clergyman, for children plorers Club, New York; Colonial Club, Cam- under the age of ten. Even at this early age bridge; Century Association and Harvard young Depew was an omnivorous reader, and Club, New York, and of the Society of the possessed a fund of general information much Governor and Company of the Massachusetts broader than that of the average boy of his Bay. In politics he was independent, but with years. Yet he was ever a real boy, and the few exceptions in national elections cast his leader of his fellows in the sports and frolics ballot for the Democratic electors. In re- familiar to all country boys. After his tenth ligious faith and church affiliations he was a year, until his eighteenth, Mr. Depew was a Unitarian. For sport and relaxation in youth student in the Peekskill Academy, an oldhe enjoyed the study of nature, fencing, horse- fashioned institution, whose chief purpose was back riding, and baseball; and was a member to prepare boys for a business career. It was of the first regular baseball club organized Isaac Depew's intention that, as soon as his in any of the departments of Harvard Uni- son had completed the course in this instituversity; in later years archeological explora- tion, he should join him in his business, but tion and research in the field. Professor Put- the boy, influenced probably by his mother and nam married, first, 1 June, 1864, Adelaide his pastor, Dr. Westbrook, had visions of a Martha, daughter of William Murray and career that should extend beyond the horizon Martha Adams (Tapley) Edmands, and of the little country river town. He desired granddaughter of John and Mary (Murray) a college education. To this the elder Depew Edmands, and of John and Lydia (Tufts) was at first opposed, but he finally changed Tapley, and a descendant of Walter Edmands, his opinion, being much influenced by the adwho came from Norfolk County, England, to vice of Judge Thomas Nelson, son of the Hon. Concord, Mass., previous to 1639. Three chil- William Nelson, who spoke strongly in favor dren came of this marriage: Eben, actively of a collegiate training for the young man. engaged in genealogical and historical work; After a period of thoughtful consideration, the Alice Edmands; and Ethel Appleton Fiske, father finally agreed and Mr. Depew entered wife of John Hart Lewis (Harvard University, Yale College in 1852, being graduated with the 1895), an attorney-at-law and referee in bank-class of 1856, the "famous class," as it was ruptcy in North Dakota. He married, second, subsequently called, because of the prominence 29 April, 1882, Esther Orne Clarke, daughter attained by several of its members. of John L. and Matilda (Shepard) Clarke, a class, numbering some 125 men, Depew atdescendant of Rev. John Clarke, of Boston, and tained distinction, not only through his magof Rev. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge. No chil-netic personality, but, especially through his dren were born of this marriage. Professor gift as a speaker, which made him the orator Putnam, from his observation and judgment, offered as suggestions to young Americans for strengthening sound principles, methods and habits in American life and most helpful to young people in gaining life success, the following: High Ideals; Honesty; Charity; Courtesy; Hard Work. Frederic Ward Putnam died at his home, 149 Brattle Street, Cambridge, Mass., 14 Aug., 1915. He was buried in Mount Auburn, the funeral services being held in Appleton Chapel, Harvard University, 17 Aug.

DEPEW, Chauncey Mitchell, U. S. Senator and railroad president, b. in Peekskill, N. Y., 23 April, 1834, son of Isaac and Martha (Mitchell) Depew. Through his father he is descended from Francois Du Puy, a Huguenot refugee, who came to this country from France, in the middle of the seventeenth century, and settled in Brooklyn, where he married the daughter of a prominent Dutch burgher. His maternal ancestry is of English origin. In the light of his later career it is peculiarly interesting that Mr. Depew's father, together with his uncle, both prosperous and enterpris

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of the class. After graduation, he became a student in the law office of the Hon. William Nelson, and, in 1858, was admitted to the bar. In the year following he began practice in his native town. Mr. Depew was destined, however, to distinguish himself in other fields than that of the law. Already in his later boyhood he had begun to take a keen interest in politics. He entered college a Democrat. Like his father and the other members of his family, he belonged to the conservative wing of the party, which was willing to leave slavery, then becoming a burning question, in abeyance, contrary to the policy of the "Free Soil" Democrats. There were three presidential candidates in the field in Depew's first year in college: Franklin Pierce, the candidate of the National Democratic party; Gen. Winfield Scott, of the Whig party; and John P. Hale, the nominee of the Free Soil Democrats. In the frequent debates on the campus over the Fugitive Slave Law, the Personal Liberty bills, and the question of the extension of slavery, Depew at first argued for the traditional politics of his family. But, in

his very efforts to be logical, he felt the weak- and Harlem Railroad Company, and three nesses of his own contentions, and gradually years later, when this road was consolidated his opinions underwent a radical change. In with the New York Central Railroad Com1853 the famous Kansas-Nebraska Bill caused pany, with Cornelius Vanderbilt at the head, the disintegration of the old parties, and a Mr. Depew was chosen attorney for the new new alignment followed on the burning issue corporation. Soon after, he became a memof slavery. Then, also, there came to New ber of the board of directors. As the VanHaven such prominent and eloquent abolition- derbilt system expanded Mr. Depew's responsiist speakers as Wendell Phillips, Wendell Phillips, William bilities and interests increased in a correspondLloyd Garrison, and George William Curtis, ing degree. In 1875 he was appointed genand their arguments made a deep impression eral counsel for the entire system, and was on the young man. When, early in 1856, the elected a director in each of the roads of Anti-Nebraska men adopted the name Republi- which it was composed. In spite of the energy can, Depew enrolled himself as a warm sup- which he was now obliged to direct into these porter of the new party. Hardly had he re- new business channels, Mr. Depew's keen inceived his degree when he threw himself heart terest in public affairs made it impossible for and soul into the campaign in support of him to abandon politics entirely. In 1872, at Fremont and Dayton, making speeches in their the earnest solicitation of Horace Greeley, he behalf, and thus beginning the political career permitted the use of his name as a candidate in which he has achieved such prominence in for lieutenant-governor on the Liberal Repubevery succeeding presidential campaign. As lican ticket, at the head of which was Greeley. he has himself said, his defection from the Inevitably, however, he shared in the general political faith of his family almost broke his defeat. The following year he acted with the father's heart, causing him a bitter disappoint- Republican party, and has remained constant ment, which reached its climax when the son to this affiliation ever since. Two years later addressed an audience in his native town from Mr. Depew was appointed by the State legisa Republican platform. On taking up his law lature as a regent of the State University, and practice, Mr. Depew lost none of his early en- also as one of the commissioners to build the thusiasm for politics; indeed, it began presently | State capitol at Albany. Meanwhile, William to interfere seriously with his business. In H. Vanderbilt resigned from the presidency of 1858 he was elected a delegate to the Republi- the New York Central, and a reorganization can State Convention. He was one of the four of the company followed, James H. Rutter delegates-at-large from his State to the Re- being chosen president, and Mr. Depew as publican National Conventions in 1888, 1892, second vice-president. In 1885 Mr. Rutter 1896, 1900, 1904, and a delegate in 1908 and died and Mr. Depew was chosen to take his 1912. In 1860 Mr. Depew stumped the coun- place. This latter office he held for thirteen try for Lincoln, and attracted a great deal of years, acting, also, as president over most of attention as a campaign speaker. In the fol- the subsidiary companies, and as a director in lowing year he was elected to the New York | twenty-eight additional lines. In 1898, on reassembly from a district in which the Demo- signing from the presidency, he was made crats were normally in a majority. In 1862 chairman of the board of directors of the he was re-elected, and, at the commencement of entire system. In 1888, when Mr. Depew was the legislative session of 1863, was named in a delegate-at-large to the Republican National caucus as party candidate for speaker. But he Convention, he received seventy votes from the subsequently withdrew in favor of the candi- State of New York for the presidency. On date of the Independent Democrats. During subsequent ballots the vote was increased. At part of the session he acted as speaker pro his own request his name was withdrawn in tem., was chairman of the Committee on Ways favor of Benjamin Harrison, who was finally and Means and, as such, leader of the ma- nominated. After his election, President Harjority on the floor. In that same year Mr. rison showed his appreciation of this act of Depew was the candidate of his party for self-sacrifice by offering Mr. Depew any place Secretary of State. The result was a notable in his Cabinet except that of Secretary of victory, Mr. Depew being elected by a majority | State, which had already been promised to of 30,000. He declined a renomination for James G. Blaine, but Mr. Depew felt compelled this office, owing to business interests. Dur- to decline. In 1892, at the Republican Naing President Johnson's administration, Wil- tional Convention, held at Minneapolis, Mr. liam H. Seward, who was then Secretary of Depew again supported Mr. Harrison State, secured the appointment of Mr. Depew strongly that the latter attributed his nomias minister to Japan, which was confirmed nation to the former's efforts, and after his by the Senate, but, after considering the mat- re-election he again sought to show his gratiter for a month, Mr. Depew declined the honor tude, this time by offering Mr. Depew the for family reasons. At about this same time, portfolio of the Secretary of State, left vacant also, Mr. Depew became acquainted with Cor- by the resignation of Mr. Blaine. But, again, nelius Vanderbilt, whose steamboat navigation Mr. Depew decided not to accept office. enterprises had earned for him the title of 1899, however, he allowed himself to be nomi"Commodore." Already he had laid the foun-nated for U. S. Senator and was elected by the dation of that great railway system which was unanimous vote of the Republican majority in afterward associated with his name. One day the legislature. In 1905 he was re-elected. Mr. Depew was surprised to receive from the Altogether he served in the Senate twelve Commodore the offer of a responsible posi- years; he would have been given a third term tion in the company. He at once accepted the had it not happened that the Republicans lost offer, and immediately applied himself to a control of the legislature. As a candidate for thorough and detailed study of transportation. U. S. Senator Mr. Depew has received the In 1866 he became attorney for the New York | ballots of the members of his party in the

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State legislature oftener than any other citi- | Although he had studied law, Mr. Clark never zen of the country; sixty ballots, one each practiced his profession, choosing rather an day for sixty days in 1881, and sixty-four active career along varied lines, in which he during forty-five days in 1911. Few men, in- has been so conspicuously successful. dependent of the positions that they have held, worked in the placer mines for two years and have attained so wide a prominence in the was quite successful, and then engaged in mercountry as Mr. Depew, and this is almost en cantile pursuits. Starting as a small but contirely due to his own personality. Partly, no stantly growing merchant, he increased his doubt, his immense popularity rests on his fortunes gradually, by careful attention to deabilities as an orator. He has been considered tails, the exercise of an excellent judgment, the best after-dinner speaker in the United which seems to be a native characteristic of States. Even after their appearance in cold his mind, and a tireless energy which ever print his magnetism seems to cling to his seeks after new outlets, and is determined to speeches, so that it impresses itself even on make the best of the advantages which they readers who have never seen him personally. offer. Like other enterprising spirits of the Aside from this, he has also found time to time, he afterward invested his capital in minedit a series of the world's greatest orations ing, principally copper at the start, although, in twenty-four volumes, and a massive work later, in coal, silver, and other mining enterentitled, One Hundred Years of American prises, in all of which he has reaped a wonderCommerce." In this latter work, as well as ful success, the result solely of his own efforts in his collected speeches, is shown the firm and industry. By virtue of his inborn and grasp that he has of the great questions, not sedulously cultivated personal endowments, only of his own time, but of those that have Mr. Clark stands alone among the great capagitated the country throughout its history. tains of industry of our country in the fact In addition to his duties as the head of the that he has always been sole owner and manNew York Central and as a federal legislator, ager of all his vast enterprises, and has so Mr. Depew has been very active as a director skillfully managed the affairs of all of them of many financial, fiduciary, and other cor- that of all the twenty-eight companies with porations and trusts. The degree of LL.D. which his name is associated not one share of was conferred on him by Yale University in stock or bonds is quoted upon any exchange 1887. Among the many societies of which he in the world. All of them have been built up is a member may be mentioned the Huguenot solely by his energy and industry, and in all Society, the Society of the Cincinnati, the of them he is entirely untrammeled by boards Sons of the American Revolution, the Union of directors, stockholders with their numerous League, the Metropolitan, and the Century interests and constant liability to produce emClubs, the Holland Society, the New England barrassing situations, and of all stock market Society, and the Society of Colonial Wars. conditions. He has thus achieved the remarkHe is also a member of the American Bar able ability of weathering all panics, depresAssociation, the New York Bar Association, sions, and other conditions of " tightness " in and the New York Chamber of Commerce. He financial circles. For the reason, also, that was for many years in succession elected presi- all his companies are thus close corporations, dent of the Yale Alumni Association, declin- little is heard of his industrial enterprises ing re-election after ten years of service. For which render no public reports, and conduct seven successive years he was president of the their affairs without making the usual signs Union League Club, a longer term than has upon the surface of the the surface of the business world. ever been filled by any other, and on declining Through his vast holdings in both Montana further re-election, he was made an honorary and Arizona, Senator Clark is the largest inmember. In 1871 Mr. Depew married Elise, dividual owner of copper mines and smelters daughter of William Hegeman, of New York in the world, and has always been entirely unCity. She died in 1892, leaving one son, allied with any other copper interests whatChauncey M. Depew, Jr. In 1900 Mr. Depew ever. He owns nearly all of the stock of the married May, daughter of John Palmer, of United Verde Copper Company at Jerome, New York City. Ariz., which is conceded to be the greatest copper mine in the world. He has nearly completed a large smelting and converting plant at Clarkdale, five miles below Jerome on the Verde River, which will cost over $3,000,000 and have a capacity of 6,000,000 pounds of fine copper per month. He also owns and operates large coal mines in Colorado, zinc mines in Montana, and silver mines in Utah. He was one of the first in America to enter the beet sugar business, having purchased a large tract of land near Los Angeles, Cal., established a large plant as early as 1898, which is one of the few sugar factories in the country wholly independent of the so-called sugar trust. He has, also, vast lumber interests in Montana, has developed and owns great water power plants in Utah and Montana for the generation of electric current and street railways in two large cities, Butte and Missoula. In the development of all his varied interests, it has been necessary for him to

CLARK, William Andrews, U. S. Senator, b. near Connellsville, Pa., 8 Jan., 1839, son of John and Mary (Andrews) Clark. His father, who had cultivated a farm under the discouraging conditions of impoverished soil and poor markets, sold his farm in 1856, and seized a favorable opportunity to remove to Van Buren County, Ia. There the family continued to reside for a number of years. In the meantime, the future Senator, who had already laid the foundations of an education, began his active life; displaying even at the start the remarkable energy and achieving the conspicuous success that has been characteristic of his entire career. He drove a team across the plains in 1862 to Colorado, where he worked in the quartz mines at Central City for almost a year, and there, with three companions, purchased a team and traveled for sixty days to the recently discovered gold placer mines at Bannack, Idaho, now in the State of Montana. I