torney for the Boer government, they were | Mine, situated in the San Juan District of promised that they would be tried under what Colorado. Mr. Hammond has been identified was known as the statute law of South Africa. with enterprises of great magnitude, not only With this understanding, they pleaded guilty in the development of important mining disto revolution, the penalty for which would not tricts, which have added greatly to the world's have been severe. It developed, however, that stock of metals-gold, silver, copper, lead, etc. they had been deceived by the government's-and the development of which has resulted attorney, who tried them according to the old in the extension of railway systems and the Roman Dutch law, under which the penalty building of important industrial centers, but for revolution was death; and their plea of he is likewise responsible for the development guilty resulted in the four leaders receiving of large agricultural areas, which have added death sentences. After many months of agon- enormously to the food products of the world. ized uncertainty and suffering, and after the One of his largest undertakings is the deentire civilized world had been wrought up, velopment of 1,000 square miles of land at and every possible effort brought to bear on the mouth of the Yaqui River, in the state the Boer government, the death sentences of Sonora, Mexico. Over 400 miles of irrigapassed on the four leaders were commuted to tion ditches have been built; and, in spite of fifteen years' imprisonment, and eventually interruption by present political troubles, over they were liberated on the payment of $125,000 20,000 acres are already under cultivation. each to the Boer government. After the close This irrigation system will develop a greater of this memorable epoch, Mr. Hammond went irrigated area than ten of the largest irrigato England, and from his headquarters in Lon- tion projects in the United States combined. don continued to conduct the extensive mining It has an acre-feet capacity which is 50 per operations which had previously been under cent greater than that of the Roosevelt Dam, his supervision in South Africa. It should be situated in the Salt Lake District of Utah. stated here that Mr. Hammond was not exiled He is also interested in the development of a from South Africa, as many people believe, be- large tract of oil-bearing land on the east cause of his participation in the Reform move- coast of Mexico, and in the Mt. Whitney ment. He made several trips to that country Power Company, in California, which, by a after the occurrence of the events recorded system of irrigation through pumping, introabove. It was while on one of these trips, duced by Mr. Hammond, in Tulare County, has just preceding the Boer War, and the day be brought into profitable cultivation thousands fore Sir Alfred Milner (now Lord Milner) had of acres of citrus fruit. Among his other a conference with President Kruger, that Mr. | accomplishments was the construction of the Hammond, at the request of his friends among first electric street railways in South Africa the progressive Boers, interceded with Kruger and in the City of Mexico. Likewise, he was to make concessions to the British government a prime mover in the development of one of in order to obviate the necessity of war. Al- the largest hydro-electric projects in Mexico, though Kruger promised Mr. Hammond that the Guanajuato Power Company As a result he would follow his suggestion, he unfortu- of his connection with the Tonopah Mining nately failed to do so, for, at the conference Company, in Nevada, in the capacity of conwith Milner he stated that he was not ready sulting engineer, mining developments were to make terms for the redress of the Uit- successfully carried out under his direction; landers' grievances. The result of Milner's con- and the construction of railways resulted, ference with Kruger was a failure; and war making possible further profitable mining inresulted. Recently, when asked regarding the vestments in other parts of that section of the political effect which the Reform movement, if country. In 1903 Mr. Hammond became gensuccessful, would have had on the affairs of eral manager, consulting engineer, and a diSouth Africa, Mr. Hammond stated: "What rector of the Guggenheim Exploration Comhas been accomplished politically in South pany, at present one of the largest mining corAfrica is exactly what the members of the Re- porations in the world. When he took over the form Committee were striving for the con- management of this company, it was comparafederation of South Africa and the elimination tively unknown and practically a failure. Mr. of grafting officials." As an indication of the Hammond surrounded himself with a competent friendly feeling which sprang up between the technical staff, and within a few years had English and the Boers after the war, Lionel secured for the Guggenheim Exploration ComPhillips and George Farrar, among others of pany properties which have since been opened the Reform movement, were knighted in Eng-and, developed under their direction, have land, on the recommendation of a former netted them enormous profits reckoned by Boer general, Louis Botha, who was then the Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. Dr. Jameson, who, subsequently to the Boer War, was for a time Prime Minister of the South African union, was also knighted on the recommendation of General Botha. Today the progressive Boers and the the Uitlanders are working in complete accord in the economic development of South Africa. In 1900 Mr. Hammond returned to America, and devoted the greater part of his time to large mining projects in the interests of a group of English capitalists with whom he was associated. It was during this period that he was responsible for the purchase of the celebrated Camp Bird

many millions of dollars. These properties are the Utah Copper, Nevada Consolidated Copper, Esperanza Gold Mine, in Mexico, lead mines in the Federal district of Missouri, and other mines in this country and in Mexico. The successful development of these and other mines made possible the success of the American Smelting and Refining Company, controlled by the Guggenheims, and resulted in providing opportunities for the employment of thousands of men. During his connection with this company, which he severed in 1907, Mr. Hammond was the highest salaried man in the world. In 1910 Mr. Hammond took a prominent part in negotiations for the sale of one

Mr.

of the largest silver mines in Mexico, the mate reputation of our country, was enhanced Santa Gertrudis. An interesting fact in this thereby. As president of the Commission connection is that the largest single check ever extraordinary of the Panama-Pacific Interissued in payment of a mine, one for $10,000,- national Exposition (to which position he was 000 in Mexican currency, was drawn to the appointed on the suggestion of President Taft), order of Mr. Hammond's clients. Mr. Ham- he visited, in 1912, the capitals of the princimond was twice invited by the Russian govern- pal countries of Europe, and there interviewed ment to visit Russia and give his advice re- the rulers and foreign ministers of the various garding the development of the industrial re- countries, in behalf of the interests of the insources of that country. In 1898 he made a ternational exposition, held in San Francisco trip through Russia, Siberia, and into Mon- in 1915. Being a Californian, his appointment golia, and examined the mineral resources of was a peculiarly fitting one, and he carried out Russia; and in 1911 sent an expedition into the duties of his commission with success. Mr. Russian Turkestan to investigate the possi- Hammond has given a great deal of time and bilities of irrigating 600,000 acres of land in thought to his alma mater-Yale University. that country. He had previously sent experts His devotion to this institution led him to to investigate a proposed grain elevator system accept the professorship of mining engineering, for Russia. When summoned to an audience and he delivered numerous lectures there. with the Czar a few years ago, in connection Hammond presented the university with a minwith the industrial and commercial developing and metallurgical laboratory which bears ment of Russia, and the relations between his name, and this structure is complete with Russia and the United States, the Czar re-modern mining and metallurgical machinery marked to one of his ministers, after the inter- and equipment. Mr. Hammond has often said, view had taken place, that "Mr. Hammond in regard to the making of money, that that talked," as he expressed it, "straight from the should be a secondary consideration in a man's shoulder, and as man to man, and not as man efforts, and that in mining the success attendto sovereign." In the summer of 1908, only ing an engineer's professional duties brought a few weeks before the National convention in with it, usually, a certain amount of emoluChicago, Mr. Hammond was urged by numer- ment, but he deprecates young men joining the ous friends throughout the entire country to engineering profession with the sole object of announce his candidacy, as a resident of making money; that, he says, should be the Massachusetts, for the office of Vice-president result of the engineer's success and not his of the United States. Mr. Hammond stated aim. In addition to the time which Mr. Hamat that time: "Like all candidates, I place mond has given to Yale, he has lectured exmyself in the hands of my friends." This was tensively at various other large institutions indeed the case, for before he fully realized it, throughout the country, as well as before vahe found that his friends all over this country rious scientific bodies. He has done much to had made up their minds that he should enter help young men in their professional careers, this race, and his boom was launched whether and has had under him men of all nationalities he would or no. Mr. Hammond discovered that and graduates from nearly all the leading inhis political strength was increasing tremen-stitutions of the world, especially the technical dously, and believed that his chances were as institutions. He has taken great interest in good as those of any other candidate for this the elevation of his profession, and has inoffice. Upon his arrival in Chicago, this feel-sisted on adequate compensation being paid by ing was greatly strengthened because of the employers to engineers. Indeed, it is a known assurances of support which he received from fact that the engineers who have worked for a great many delegates, as well as from numer-him have received the largest salaries paid to ous Republican leaders there. Indeed, entire the profession. Mr. Hammond has served, durdelegations, among them some of the largest, ing the past few years, as chairman of the came to Mr. Hammond's headquarters in their Visiting Committee of the Harvard Mining and enthusiasm, and requested that they be allowed Metallurgical Department. The other members to stampede the convention for him. At the of the committee are distinguished engineers, eleventh hour, and because he received word who are alumni of Harvard. His activities in that any but a New York candidate for the civic, philanthropic, and political work have office of Vice-president would jeopardize the been carried on as an officer and member of success of the ticket and endanger the election many organizations. He was until recently of William H. Taft, Mr. Hammond withdrew chairman of the North American Civic League from the race, feeling no disappointment in for Immigrants, with headquarters in New doing so, as his greatest ambition was to se- York City. He is a member of the executive cure the election of his friend Mr. Taft. committee and chairman of the newly created Shortly after President Taft's inauguration, | Department of Industrial Economics of the NaMr. Hammond was offered the post of Minister tional Civic Federation, and has devoted much to China, which the President had stated was time toward the solution of national problems. one of the most important diplomatic appoint- The honorary degrees conferred on Mr. Hamments he had to make. Personal considera- mond are Yale, A.M.; Stevens Institute of tions, however, determined Mr. Hammond to Technology, D E.; St. John's College, LL.D.; decline the proffered honor. One of the special Colorado School of Mines, E.M. He is a memhonors of Mr. Hammond's life was his selec- ber of the hospital and school boards in the tion by President Taft to represent the Presi- city of Gloucester, Mass., where he has a dent and the people of the United States at summer home, and takes an active interest in the coronation of King George V. It was par- all matters pertaining to the public welfare. ticularly fortunate that a typical American Some of the clubs of which Mr. Hammond is was sent to the coronation, as the impression a member are Yale, University, Century, Engiupon the British people, as well as the ulti-neers, Lotos, Racquet and Tennis, Metropoli

The

tan, Union League, New York Yacht, Republi- venture, he earned sufficient to purchase a can, and Rocky Mountain Clubs, American In- third interest in a threshing machine. stitute of Mining Engineers, American Society following season, one of abundant harvests, of Mechanical Engineers—all of New York; proved very profitable to young Gates, who Chicago and University Clubs of Chicago; bought out his partners and became sole Metropolitan, University, Cosmos, Chevy Chase, owner of the threshing machine. A patch of and National Press Clubs of Washington; woodland next engaged his attention, and he Union and Boston Press of Boston; Denver entered into an agreement with the owner, and University Clubs of Denver; Maryland giving his threshing machine as security, Club, Baltimore; California Club, Los Angeles; whereby he was to pay for the timber as Pacific Union, Úniversity, and Press Clubs of rapidly as he sold it; and after working most San Francisco; and the University Club of diligently during the winter months, with the Salt Lake City. As an advocate of universal single woodchopper he had hired, the woodpeace, Mr. Hammond has taken a deep interest lot was cleared and the owner was paid in in the work of the American Society for Ju- full. The budding capitalist now, at eighteen, dicial Settlement of International Disputes, of had a thousand dollars in the bank, and was which, in 1910, he was president. He is presi- still owner of the threshing machine. He dent of the National Republican League, which then invested his capital in a hardware store numbers among its membership 1,000,000 which, although it proved a satisfactory finanvoters. In politics he belongs to the new cial venture, he soon disposed of and became school; that is, he believes that success is best a salesman of barbed wire for a Col. Isaac attained by a frank, unreserved statement of Elwood, who had acquired the right to manuviews on the issues of the day. He is of the facture it from the inventor, a Missouri opinion that the great majority of voters pre- blacksmith. Elwood was having much diffifer a candidate for office who frankly acknowl- culty in launching his product upon the maredges that he disagrees with their opinion on ket and, attracted by Gates' enthusiasm and some questions, and insists on the right of in- forceful eloquence, offered him $25.00 a week dependent action on these questions. He is to sell the barbed wire in Texas. Gates, unqualifiedly against the domination of bosses quick to grasp its possibilities, accepted the and has taken a strong position on that sub- offer; thus was the future wire king set in ject on many occasions; and yet he recognizes motion toward the Texas cattle country with the necessity of political organization and po- his bristling samples. Gates, however, did not litical leadership. An essential part of Mr. meet with immediate success. | He found the Hammond's philosophy of life is to produce cattlemen very skeptical as to the merits of results. His career, which has been filled with this novelty. They ridiculed the idea that adventure, has been one long exemplification such flimsy material could restrain a herd of this principle. In his younger days, in the of cattle. Gates, consequently, on his mettle, examination of mining properties, and in pros-conceived a convincing selling plan which inpecting for mines in the Southwest and included an elaborate demonstration of his Mexico, he had many narrow escapes from In- product. This took place in San Antonio, dians and bandits. He made frequent trips where he hired a plaza, wrapped it round with through that part of the country which was the barbed wire, and put into it a herd of the overrun by the murderous Apaches, and had wildest steers that could be found. The steers, numerous thrilling experiences in revolutions after numerous displays of boldness, became in Mexico and on trips into the wilderness of subdued, and the cattlemen admitted the Central and South America. Mr. Hammond efficiency of the barbs. Enormous sales rewas married, 1 Jan., 1881, to Natalie, daugh-sulted from this exhibition; and Gates later, ter of Judge J. W. M. Harris, of Mississippi. in view of his very successful subsequent Their children are Harris, John Hays, Jr., efforts, applied for a partnership in the comRichard P., and Natalie Hammond. In their pany. Upon the refusal of Elwood to agree early married life, Mrs. Hammond took her to this, Gates, with the first display of his full share of the hardships, perils, and dis- extraordinary constructive ability, built a appointments which in those days fell to the barbed wire mill of his own. As a competitor, lot of the young mining engineer endeavoring Gates soon proved too formidable for Elwood, to achieve success. She accompanied her hus- who, provoked at the conditions brought band into countries full of danger and disease, about by ambitious young Gates, sued him and her fortitude and courage never failed. for infringements of patents. Gates, howWhen Mr. Hammond's duties grew more ex-ever, finally persuaded Elwood to enter into acting and trying, and his life grew bigger, a partnership with him which lasted many there was no one whose praise he cherished years. Gates soon became a specialist in the more highly, nor whose encouragement meant more to him, than that of his devoted wife.

wire branch of the steel industry, and utilized every dollar he could get for the expansion GATES, John Warne, capitalist, b. near of the business. In 1886 he put into it Turner Junction (now West Chicago), Ill., 18 $100,000, the profits of his first big transacMay, 1855; d. in Paris, France, 9 Aug., 1911, tion-a sale of English steel. He bought or son of Asel A. and Mary Gates. He was the absorbed competitors whenever possible, and, son of a farmer, and, as a boy, assisted his in 1892, by merging several large wire comfather in this pursuit when his studies were panies, he became monarch of the wire innot absorbing his attention. He attended dustry. In 1895 he became president of the Wheaton College, Illinois, and was graduated at Illinois Steel Company, which, in 1898, he Northwestern College, Illinois. He early dis- enlarged into the Federal Steel Company; in played a marked capacity for business. At the 1897, in connection with his interests in the age of sixteen he contracted to husk a neigh-American Steel and Wire Company, he cleared boring farmer's corn. From this, his first $10,000,000, and in 1901, Mr. Gates' com