Experiment Station has demonstrated that in the dry climate of Eastern Washington one pound to 50 gallons gives equally good results in controlling codling moth. We have found that two pounds are sufficient in the Willamette Valley. It is quite probable that one pound may be sufficient here, but since this has not been demonstrated we think it best to advise two pounds to 50 gallons for the more humid portions of this State. Some growers prefer to prepare the arsenate of lead as it is used. This is but little if any more troublesome than to mix the prepared arsenates in water and should be somewhat cheaper. It can be readily prepared after the following formula: Dissolve the arsenate of soda in two quarts and the acetate of lead in four quarts of warm water. When dissolved add them to the required amount of water. This formula is especially valuable for spraying very delicate foliage or for use against insects which are killed only by large amounts of poison, since it can be used upon plants in much stronger solutions than the other food poisons without injury to the foliage. If it is desired to use a combined insecticide and fungicide, arsenate of lead may be added to Bordeaux or to lime-sulphur solution in the same proportion as when water is used. BORDEAUX MIXTURE. Bordeaux mixture has long been the principal spray used as a preventative of fungus diseases of plants, and while other sprays, notably the lime-sulphur mixtures, give promise of largely supplanting it for certain purposes, it still remains one of the most important orchard fungicides. Bordeaux for winter use may be made as follows: Copper sulphate, 6 pounds; Quick lime, 6 pounds; Water, 50 gallons. This is known as the 6-6-50 formula. It should be used only upon dormant trees. When the trees are in leaf the following 4-4-50 formula is used: Copper sulphate, 4 pounds; Water, 50 gallons. A weaker formula known as the 3-6-50 formula, is sometimes used on plants of tender foliage. In Oregon the formula has been successfully used on the peach foliage for prevention of fruit spot but it is without doubt safer to use the self-boiled lime-sulphur. Copper sulphate, 3 pounds; It is of great importance that Bordeaux be properly made. The mixture must be made fresh each time it is used. The ingredients may be stored in stock solution indefinitely, however. Always use wooden or earthen vessels in preparing Bordeaux or the solution of blue stone. When large quantities of Bordeaux mixture are required, it is most convenient to have stock solutions made up containing one pound per gallon of the respective ingredients. Take a 50-gallon barrel of water and suspend near the top a coarse sack containing 50 pounds of crystallized or granulated commercial copper sulphate. It will dissolve in a few hours. It is convenient to arrange this the night before the spraying is to be done. In another barrel place 50 pounds of lime freshly slaked. For this purpose choose clean stone lime of the best quality. Slaking should be done carefully. Water should be added a little at a time so that slaking will take place rapidly. The process should be watched carefully and the mixture. stirred constantly while the slaking is going on, adding water as needed to prevent burning, as lime should never be allowed to become dry while slaking or it will burn, nor should it become entirely submerged with water. The mixing can be conveniently done with a hoe. When thoroughly slaked make up to 50 gallons with water. If small quantities only of stock solution are needed any quantity can be made in the above mentioned proportions. If the spray is to be applied to peach trees in foliage use the 3-6-50 formula. These stock solutions can be kept for an indefinite time if water is added to replace that lost by evaporation. They should be kept covered to prevent dilution by rains. Made up in this way each gallon of stock solution represents one pound of ingredients. Each should be stirred very thoroughly before any is taken out. In making up the mixture from these stock solutions both the copper sulphate and the lime should be diluted before being mixed. Have two dilution barrels or tanks. If the 6-6-50 formula be used and the spray tank holds 100 gallons-take 12 gallons of copper sulphate stock solution and dilute to make 50 gallons in one barrel and take 12 gallons of the lime paste and dilute in the same manner in another barrel. The lime paste should be run through a fine strainer. For convenience it is well to have a platform built high enough to permit the liquids to flow from the dilution tanks into the spray cart. Allow the two diluted solutions to run together through a 20-mesh copper wire strainer into the spray tank, mix well and apply at once. It is always best before applying the mixture to test with potassium ferrocyanide. Buy 10 cents' worth of potassium ferrocyanide at the druggist's and dissolve in the least possible amount of water. Label the bottle poison. Take out a cupful of the well-stirred mixture and allow a drop or two of the potassium ferrocyanide to drop into it. If the drop turns yellow or brown on striking the mixture it will be necessary to add more lime. Add lime till no discoloration is seen when tested in this way. If this precaution is not taken the spray may injure the foliage. Use a good pump that gives strong constant pressure; have good nozzles that give a fine, mist-like spray and cover the tree thoroughly. Always rinse the spray tank, hose and rod with water after using. Use only brass rods and connections as Bordeaux mixture will gradually attack iron. Unfortunately, even the most carefully prepared Bordeaux will sometimes cause serious "russetting" of the fruit of apple. This russetting seems to be the most serious when rainy or at least humid weather prevails at the time of the first spraying after the blossoms fall, and as such conditions do usually thus prevail, at least in the Willamette Valley, "spray injury” following the use of Bordeaux often becomes almost as serious as the fungus injury it was expected to prevent. SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR. This mixture, introduced and perfected by Scott, of the Department of Agriculture, is especially desirable for use on peach foliage. The experience in most sections of the country has been that Bordeaux mixture and most other fungicides are unsafe to use on peach and other tender foliage. This fact has led to the perfection of the self-boiled lime-sulphur. This mixture, prepared and recommended for use on the peach foliage, is in effect a mechanical mixture of lime and sulphur with only a very small percentage of sulphides in solution. In Oregon this spray is especially recommended for use against brown rot and fruit spot of peach. The formula recommended is as follows: Lime, 8 pounds; The preparation of the mixture as described by Scott in Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 174, is as follows: "The mixture used in our experiments during the past season was composed of eight pounds of fresh stone lime and eight pounds of sulphur (either flowers or flour may be used) to 50 gallons of water. The mixture can best be prepared in rather large quantities, say enough for 200 gallons at a time, making the formula 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds of sulphur, to be cooked with a small quantity of water (8 or 10 gallons) and then diluted to 200 gallons. "The lime should be placed in a barrel and enough water poured on to almost cover it. As soon as the lime begins to slake the sulphur should be added after first running it through a sieve to break up the lumps. The mixture should be constantly stirred and more water added as needed to form a thick paste at first and then gradually a thin paste. The lime will supply enough heat to boil the mixture several minutes. As soon as it is well slaked water should be added to cool the mixture and prevent further cooking. It is then ready to be strained into the spray tank, diluted, and applied. "The stage at which cold water should be poured on to stop the cooking varies with different limes. Some limes are so sluggish in slaking that it is difficult to obtain enough heat from them to cook the mixture at all, while other limes become intensely hot on slaking and care must be taken not to allow the boiling to proceed too far. If the mixture is allowed to remain hot 15 to 20 minutes after the slaking is completed, the sulphur gradually goes into solution, combining with the lime to form sulphids, which are injurious to peach foliage. It is therefore very important, especially with hot lime, to cool the mixture quickly by adding a few buckets of water as soon as the lumps of lime have slaked down. The intense heat, violent boiling and constant stirring result in a uniform mixture of finely divided sulphur and lime, with only a very small percentage of the sulphur in solution. The mixture should be strained to take out the coarse particles of lime, but the sulphur should be carefully worked through the strainer. "In applying the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture, the spraying outfit should be equipped with a good agitator. The mixture settles to the bottom of the tank, and unless kept thoroughly agitated, cannot be evenly applied." Since commercial lime-sulphur has caused some burning of fruit and foliage of the apple in some sections of the Northwest, we would suggest that the self-boiled lime-sulphur be tried for the third scab spray. Either the 8-8-50 or 10-10-50 formula may be used. While not as good as the commercial lime-sulphur against apple scab, Scott finds that it will control mild cases of scab, and in his experiments was entirely harmless to foliage and fruit. Arsenate of lead for codling moth may be safely used with the self-boiled mixture in the same proportions as recommended when mixed with Bordeaux or commercial limesulphur. LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION. It is often desirable and practicable to use sprays which combine both fungicidal and insecticidal qualities. The time, expense, and annoyance of one or more sprayings may frequently be eliminated by such combinations. Thus Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, or arsenate of lead, has long been used as a combined spray for apple-scab and codling moth and the expense of controlling these two important apple pests has thereby been materially reduced. This spray, however, combines only the fungicidal value of Bordeaux and the food poison value of the arsenical. It is of little or no value as a contact insecticide-in other words it is of no value against scale insects, plant lice and the numerous insects which belong to Group II. During the past five years we have conclusively demonstrated that the lime-sulphur spray, which has long been known as the most satisfactory winter spray for San Jose scale, has fungicidal qualities nearly or quite equal to those of Bordeaux. We have also conclusively demonstrated that it may be used in combination with arsenate of lead without materially detracting from the value of either; and that when |