case throughout Oregon and on the Pacific Coast generally that there is very little rain in summer and that most of the precipitation for the year comes in the winter months. The proportion of sunshine is larger east of the Cascade Mountains than west of those mountains, but even in western Oregon there is more sunshine in summer than in the states on the Atlantic Coast. Throughout the State there is much less wind during the year than in the prairie states of the middle west and for this reason there is much less evaporation of moisture from the surface of the soil.

The lofty range of the Cascade Mountains which extends throughout the State from north to south divides the State into two sections which differ widely. In the greater part of western Oregon the annual rainfall is ample for the production of good crops of all fruits without the aid of artificial irrigation. The exception to this is that portion of western Oregon commonly referred to as southern Oregon, or the Rogue River valley, where irrigation is essential for the best results on much of the land. In eastern Oregon the annual rainfall averages less than onefourth as much as in western Oregon. The largest rainfall at any station east of the Cascade Mountains at which observations have been made for a considerable period of time has been recorded at Hood River where it amounts to about 36 inches, closely approaching that of some portions of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The Hood River Valley, however, is not far east of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, and the rainfall decreases rapidly to the eastward. Under favorable conditions there are successful orchards which are not artificially irrigated in a number of localities in eastern Oregon, even where, in some cases, the annual rainfall is as low as 16 inches per year, but the general rule in that portion of the State is that artificial irrigation is essential to success in orcharding, and even at Hood River where the annual rainfall exceeds 35 inches per year many of the orchardists believe it pays to irrigate their orchards. Stone fruits, particularly cherries, peaches, apricots and some varieties of plums can be grown with less annual rainfall than is required for apples, and most kinds of small fruits require even more rainfall than apples.

In this article the word rainfall is used to include the total amount of water which falls whether it comes in the form of rain or of snow.

COUNTY CONDITIONS.

The natural order of taking up counties for the purpose of giving figures as to rainfall and temperature would be by groups of those having like conditions but it is believed that it will best suit the convenience of inquirers to take up the counties alphabetically.

BAKER COUNTY.

Baker County is on the eastern border of the State, and on the eastern slope of the Blue Mountains. At Baker, the county seat, the elevation is 3,466 feet. The mean temperature for the year is about 45 degrees. Three years observations show the temperature of January to be 20.3 degrees; April, 44.6; July, 66.9; October, 48.5. The rainfall for the year is 13.7 inches. The growing season between killing frosts is about 134 days. At Huntington, on the Snake River, the elevation is 2,165 feet. The anuual temperature is 53.6 degrees; that of January, 32.1; April, 58.6; July, 81.5; October, 51.8. The length of season between killing frosts is about 168 days, or about the same as at Burlington, Iowa, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Roanoke, Virginia.

At

Four-Year-Old Yellow Newtown Apple Trees-Rogue River Valley.

Sparta the elevation is 4,150 feet; the annual temperature, 45.3 degrees, and the annual rainfall is 22.74 inches.

BENTON COUNTY.

Benton County is in the heart of the Willamette Valley and extends from the Willamette River into the Coast Range Mountains. The elevation at Corvallis, the county seat, is 266 feet. The annual temperature is 51.7 degrees; that of January, 39.1; April, 50.1; July, 65.3; October, 52.6. The annual rainfall is 43.32 inches. At Monroe the elevation is 350 feet. The annual temperature is 52.2 degrees; that of January, 39.8; April, 50.5; July, 65.3; October, 53.4. The average period between killing frosts is 197 days, or about the same as at Richmond, Virginia. The annual rainfall is 52.2 inches.

CLATSOP COUNTY.

Clatsop County is in the northwest corner of the State. Much of the county is hilly or mountainous, but there is also a considerable amount of low-lying land. Astoria, the county seat, is on the Columbia River, 10 miles from the ocean. The elevation of the station is 16 feet. The annual temperature is 51.8 degrees; that of January, 39.9; April, 49.7; July, 61.6; October, 53.2. The average season between killing frosts is 271 days, or about the same as at Mobile, Alabama. The annual rainfall is 73.49 inches.

CLACKAMAS COUNTY.

Clackamas County is in the Willamette Valley but extends from the Willamette River to the summit of the Cascade range of mountains. The observation stations represent fairly only the lower-lying sections of the arable lands of the county. At Miramonte farm, near Aurora, the elevation is 195 feet. The annual temperature is 51.5 degrees; that for January, 38.5; April, 50.6; July, 65.2; October, 52.6. The annual rainfall is 43.52 inches. At Stafford, in the western part of the county, the elevation is 400 feet. The temperature is about the same as at Miramonte farm, but the annual rainfall is 51.66 inches. Cazadero is in a narrow valley in the foot-hill portion of the county, and is at an elevation of 503 feet, but most of the adjacent arable lands are at elevations of from 900 to 1,500 feet. The annual temperature for 1911 was 51.5 degrees. At Pompeii (Rowe P. O.) in the heart of the Cascade Mountains, the elevation is 3,879 feet; the annual temperature is 43.7 degrees. The period between killing frosts is about 84 days. The annual rainfall is 85.46 inches.

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

Columbia County is in the northwestern portion of the State and contains some low-lying land along the Columbia River, but the general elevation of the county is above 1,000 feet. At Doraville, near Rainier, the annual temperature is 49.6 degrees; that of January, 36.2; April, 44.5; July, 62.5; October, 53.4. The annual rainfall is 51.74 inches.

COOS COUNTY.

Coos County is in the southwestern portion of the State fronting on the ocean. The observation stations represent the low-lying valleys which are now utilized. Much land at higher levels will in time come

under cultivation. Marshfield, the county seat, is on Coos Bay and near the ocean. The elevation of the station is 34 feet. The annual temperature is 49.4 degrees; that of January, 44.7; April, 50.4; July, 59.4; October, 54.8. Much of the valley lands of the county are protected from ocean air by intervening ridges and have a warmer summer than Marshfield. At Fairview the elevation is 142 feet; annual temperature, 52.4 degrees; January, 44.4; April, 50.3; July, 61.4; October, 52.2; annual rainfall, 69.48 inches.

CROOK COUNTY.

Crook is one of a number of very large counties in Oregon. It is in the central portion of the State, east of the Cascade Mountains. Prineville, the county seat, is at an elevation of 2,864 feet. The annual temperature is 47.5 degrees; January, 33.2; April, 46.5; July, 66.2; October, 49.9. The average period between killing frosts is 112 days. The annual rainfall is 9.16 inches. The elevation at Bend is 3,629 feet; annual temperature, 44.8 degrees; January, 30.9; April, 43.4; July, 62.7; October, 49.3; annual rainfall, 16.03 inches. At Warmspring the elevation is 1,600 feet; annual temperature, 50.7 degrees; January, 32.8; April, 49.9; July, 69.9; October, 51.7; annual rainfall, 11.47 inches.

CURRY COUNTY.

Curry is in the southwestern corner of the State and a large portion of the county is mountainous. At Port Orford on the Coast the annual temperature for 1911 was 50.3 degrees; January, 43.7; April, 47; July, 57.6; October, 54.2. The rainfall for the year was 56.41 inches. At Gold Beach, on the Coast, the annual temperature is 50.5 degrees; February, 46.7; May, 53; August, 55.3; October, 53.2; annual rainfall, 83.43 inches.

DOUGLAS COUNTY.

Douglas is a very large county and so situated as to have quite different climatic conditions in different portions. Drain is in the northern part of the county at an elevation of 300 feet. The annual temperature is 53.6 degrees; January, 42; April, 53; July, 67.1; October, 55.3; annual rainfall, 43.35 inches. At Gardiner near the coast the elevation is 72 feet; the annual rainfall, 78.37 inches; temperature for January, 44.7; April, 50.2; July, 60.3; October, 54.8. The average length of the season between killing frosts is 246 days, or about the same as at Dallas, Texas. At Roseburg, the county seat, near the center of the county, the elevation is 510 feet; annual temperature is 52.6 degrees; January, 40.8; April, 50.9; July, 66.5; October, 52.8; annual rainfall, 34.9 inches. The average period between killing frosts is 198 days, about the same as at Raleigh, North Carolina. At Glendale, in the southern portion of the county, the elevation is 1,441 feet; annual temperature, 54.1 in 1910; annual rainfall in 1910 was 27.55 inches compared with 28.95 at Roseburg the same year.

GILLIAM COUNTY.

Gilliam County is on the northern boundary of the State in eastern Oregon, and slopes toward the Columbia River. Blalock is on the Columbia River at an elevation of 237 feet and the conditions are

typical of only that portion of the county which is close to the Columbia river. The elevation is 237 feet; annual temperature, 56.1 degrees; that of January, 36 degrees; April, 55.7; July, 78.3; October, 57.3; annual period between frosts, 224 days; annual rainfall, 9.48 inches. Condon, the county seat, at an elevation of 2,884 feet, is more typical of the county as a whole. The annual temperature is 47.1 degrees; January, 24.4; April, 45.3; July, 66.3; October, 46; annual rainfall, 11:98 inches.

GRANT COUNTY.

Grant County is in the north central portion of the State and is one of the very large counties. Dayville, in the western part of the county, in the valley of the John Day River is at an elevation of 2,200 feet. The annual temperature is 50.8 degrees; January, 35.1; April, 50; July, 68.9; October, 51.4. At Canyon City the annual temperature is 51 degrees; January, 34.9; April, 49.1; July, 69.4; October, 52.8; average length of time between killing frosts, 140 days; annual rainfall, 17.23 inches.

HARNEY COUNTY.

Harney is an immense county in the southeastern part of the State. Burns, the county seat, is in the north central portion of the county, at an elevation of 4,157 feet. The annual temperature is 43.7 degrees; January, 23.3; April, 43.4; July, 65.8; October, 45.6; average length of season between killing frosts, 62 days; annual rainfall, 10.87 inches. Happy Valley, at an elevation of 4,200 feet has an annual temperature of 44.9 degrees and an annual rainfall of 13.73 inches.

HOOD RIVER COUNTY.

Hood River County includes mainly the territory drained by the Hood River. It is a comparatively small county in the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains. The station at Hood River is at an elevation of 300 feet, but the greater part of the arable land of the county lies between 500 and 1,500 feet elevation. The annual temperature at Hood River is 50 degrees; January, 33.3; April, 49.5; July, 67.3; October, 51.7; annual rainfall, 36.11 inches. At Mountain Park for the year 1910 the temperature was 47.8 degrees; January, 27.6; April, 50.2; July, 66.7; October, 44; annual rainfall, 65.23 inches. The elevation of Mountain Park is 1,440 feet. The rainfall for 1910 was probably unusually large.

JACKSON COUNTY.

Jackson County is on the southern boundary of the State, and lies in the basin of the valley of Rogue River. At Jacksonville the elevation is 1,640 feet; annual temperature, 52.6 degrees; the annual rainfall, 27.9 inches. At Ashland on the northern slope of the Siskiyou Mountains, the annual temperature is 52.6 degrees; January, 38.5; April, 49.8; July, 69.8; October, 53.9; length of season between killing frosts, 177 days; annual rainfall, 20 inches; elevation, 1,963 feet.

JOSEPHINE COUNTY.

Josephine County is also situated in the Rogue River valley on the southern boundary of the State, and is immediately west of Jackson County. Grants Pass, the county seat, is at an elevation of 956 feet; its annual rainfall is 33.41 inches; annual temperature, 52.9 degrees; January, 38.7; April, 51.1; July, 69.6; October, 53.9.