known as "Bolshevists." The Bolshevists are extreme in doctrine, and still more extreme in method. They hold that the success of their cause justifies any of those actions which our penal code defines as crimes. They do not believe in the customary institutions which are protected by our constitutions and laws, nor do they believe in our system of government. Still further, they believe in the overthrow by violence of everything that we regard as belonging to social. stability and political order.

American Socialism

At this point something should be said of Socialism as a movement in the United States. As it has existed until recently, it has been chiefly a party of protest. Most of its creed, as stated in platforms, has dealt with questions of social reform rather than with essential institutions. The Socialist party, during the past two or three decades, has been well organized, and doubtless a large proportion of its members have been lawabiding and have thought of the changes to which they aspire in terms of peaceful transition, and not in terms of revolution and violence. But the creed of the socialist is so different from the creed of the individualist that there is likely to be trouble sooner or later; and socialists have a dangerous tendency everywhere to grow in sympathy with violence. This has been shown by the career of the I. W. W.'s (Industrial Workers of the World), who have had their chief strength in the Western part of the United States. The I. W. W.'s are extreme socialists in creed and have shown themselves repeatedly to be disposed to violence and crime in connection with strikes and industrial disputes. Throughout the so-called "conservative" trades unions that make up the American Federation of Labor, there has been an element of socialism that has, in some of the trades, at times, assumed the reins of control. The doctrines and methods of these radicals in the labor unions are decidedly dangerous, and it is folly to condone them.

have been sincere reformers, working, as they believed, for the best welfare of the oppressed and downtrodden, while asserting that our actual government at the hands of the old parties was dominated by the money power of banks and corporations. In these views the Socialists had not differed much from the Western Pcpulists of a few years ago; and in many ways their attitude had been like that of the present Non-Partisan League of North Dakota. American citizens have a right to call themselves Socialists, and to act like any other political party in adopting creeds and voting for cardidates. But they have no right to convert their party into a conspiracy for the subversion of our institutions. It is lawful to advocate constitutional amendments, because the Constitution itself provides for just such steps. It is permissible for a Republican or Democrat to be opposed to Socialism, but the opposition must express itself in lawful ways and not in persecution or tyranny. It becomes necessary, however, to ascertain whether dangerous anarchy is masquerading under the once inoffensive name of Socialism. Unhappily, there is much reason to fear that such tendencies to bad beliefs and worse practices have been gaining in control of American socialism.

Ultra radical; revolutionary; violent; from the use of the red flag as a revolutionary emblem.

The words Radical and Radicalism are less definite, and it is perhaps unfortunate that these words have been so much applied of late to the Reds. The word "radical" has been much used in politics for several generations; and while it has been sometimes a term of reproach, it has often been asserted as a term of honor. Thus, to quote again from the Century Dictionary:

The political Radicals of a country generally constitute the extreme faction or wing of the more liberal of the two leading parties, or act as a separate party when their numbers are sufficient for the exercise of any considerable influence. The name Radical is often applied as one of re proach to the members of a party by their opponents. In the United States, it has been so applied at times to Democrats and to Republicans, especially in the South about the period of Re

construction. The French Radicals are often called the Extreme Left. The British Radicals form an important section of the Liberal Party.

The radical is a man who does not compromise and believes in going to the very root of things. The anti-slavery men were radicals in their day, and the prohibitionists have been radicals in a later time. The woman suffragists in England have been radicals, and the old American free-traders of the uncompromising sort were typical radicals. This is a word that has had a very respectable history in English-speaking countries, and it ought not to be applied to foreign anarchists who throw bombs, and who, though pretending to be radicals in creed, are miserable criminals in practice.

Who Are The "Socialists?"

The word Socialist has suffered so much damage, and has been used in so many different ways, that it seems to have lost value for scientific purposes and still more to have lost usefulness as the designation of a practical body of citizens. In economics, the Socialists are opposed in a general way to the private control of production and distribution, and are in favor of using the State as a coöperative industrial and social agency. The activities of the Department of Justice under Attorney-General Palmer have not been directed against Socialists as such, nor indeed have they had much concern with any class of American citizens. They have dealt almost. entirely with foreigners who have made it their business here to plot against American institutions. In taking this course, the Government has found certain Socialist groups in the United States to be much mixed up with the affairs of the revolution-seeking foreigners whom it has arrested for deportation. It is now a serious question whether the Bolshevists and Anarchists have not made the name "Socialist" an impossible one for honest citizens.

ated and passed on to us we have no right to destroy through negligence. The chief asset of any self-respecting country is its own people, especially its rising generation. We have had a reckless and foolish immigration policy; and our practice, in its carelessness, has been even worse than the policy itself. Having allowed masses of unassorted foreigners to come here, largely through the speculative activities of European steamship lines, we have made a partial failure-not a complete one-in handling the problem of their proper treatment. Since most of them had come to stay, it was evident that we must either Americanize them or suffer the consequences of allowing them to group themselves in unassimilated masses. Thus we have not wisely conserved the interests of our nationality. Yet the millions of humble workers who have adopted America as the country of their choice are prosperous and happy here. They know that they are distinctly benefited by the elimination of the mischief-making Reds.

The Men Whom We Are Deporting

Admittedly, we have allowed local politicians for unworthy personal or party motives to secure the improper naturalization of too many of these newcomers, when we might have adopted a safe and proper naturalization system. Most of the masses of people coming here from Russia and Eastern Europe have doubtless been honest in their objects, willing to work, and interested in the welfare of their children. But a very large element has consisted of unmarried men detached from all forms of responsibility and ready at hand for the teachings of the socialist agitator. These are the men who readily become Anarchists or Bolshevists, and who have formed the dangerous element in most of our recent strikes. Our readers will not find Mr. Dunn's article sensational, but they will find that it reflects fairly the methods and objects of the Department of Justice in its recent investigations among the foreign elements to which we are referring. While our immigration laws are not what they ought to be, they are explicit enough to make it not merely permissible to deport Anarchists and violent Reds, but the clear duty of the authorities to proceed in this way where they have sufficient evidence. These are not naturalized Americans, but foreigners; and they are expressly violating the immigration laws under which they have been admitted. They are therefore subject to deportation.

ALEXANDER BERKMAN (LEFT) AND EMMA GOLDMAN (CENTER)

(On their way to the ship which deported them with other "Reds' in December)

Misplaced

But, it is objected in some quarters, to deport people of this Sympathy kind is to create sympathy for them, and thus to increase the evil and danger which we are trying to remedy. Would it therefore not be better to ignore such people altogether, in the hope that their agitation will amount to little in the end, and in the belief that the great American public is immune against their doctrines? We are unable to see it in any such light. This is no campaign of mere heresy-hunting. Berkman, who was one of the 249 alien Anarchists deported on the army transport Buford, which sailed three days before Christmas, is the criminal anarchist who, many years ago, tried to assassinate the late Mr. Frick in connection with labor troubles at

Pittsburgh. He ought to have been deported when he had served his term in the penitentiary. Criminal propaganda and conspiracy are more dangerous to society than isolated criminal acts. We are of the opinion that the deportation of criminal anarchists who have come here from other countries is an imperative public duty. It is a very mild and polite way to treat such persons. The object is not to punish them, but to protect our own institutions.

Deportation

a Public Necessity

If these anarchists, as individuals, had been found committing overt acts of violence, such as dynamiting factories, or assassinating public men, they would, of course, be tried. convicted, and punished under ordinary criminal laws. As recently as last summer an attempt was made to kill the Attorney-General and his family by blowing up their home in Washington; and many similar crimes have resulted from the teachings and methods of the alien anarchists whom we are now deporting. porting. In each case there has been due evidence gathered to show that the individual was connected influentially with an organization advocating violence against property and government. These people are constantly at work against orderly society. The more leniently they are treated, the more bold and efficient their methods. ciety should protect itself with vigor against such foes. It is not necessary to be unduly excited; and it is very important that official agencies rather than amateur organizations directed by self-seeking individuals of questionable

So

records and dubious motives

should take and keep the lead in efforts of this kind. But the governmental agencies, so long as they are proceeding legitimately, deserve the support of public opinion in getting rid of alien anarchists. The course of political reform in this country is not helped by alien fanatics or assassins. Neither is industrial progress to be promoted by the criminals who teach sabotage and who revel in strikes because of the opportunities they afford for crimes against persons and property. Let sympathy expend itself elsewhere.

Labor Department

It should be remembered that in the final sifting of aliens for deCo-operates portation, after the so-called "round up" or dragnet of the Department of Justice has secured arrests of leaders in various communities, another department of the Government must be consulted and must coöperate. The Bureau of Immigration is in the Department of Labor. The deportations are made by the authorities of this Labor Department, whose business it is to enforce the immigration laws. When the Department of Justice has decided that a particular alien should be deported, all the evidence in the case is presented to the immigration authorities, who are experienced in dealing with aliens and are constantly inquiring into suspicious cases seeking entrance into this country. Exclusion of undesirables under the immigration law is a matter of administration, and not one of judicial action.

A Ger the Process

The power to expel aliens of criminal character, who have managed to secure admittance, is not different from the power to reject them at Ellis Island before they have had a chance to abuse the hospitality of America. With the Department of Justice now selecting its cases for expulsion with what seems to be a good deal of care; then with the Department of Labor, which no one can call a harsh or cruel agency of Government, collaborating; and with the War Department or the Navy taking the unwelcome gucsts all the way back to Europe in Government transports with marked consid

The

Various

brought to the attention of leading members. This committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Senator Clayton R. Lusk, who represents an important "upstate" district in the Senate at Albany. There were many well-meaning citizens, and some highly intelligent ones, who did not for a time see the propriety of the appointment of this joint committee and who were disposed to doubt the value of its work, and particularly to question the justice and wisdom of its methods. Inquisitorial bodies of this kind are not naturally popular. They have to make their way against the instinctive feel

ings of the people.

earlier period, when government was oppressive and tyrannical, are the traditions which are embodied in our Bills of Rights, and which make the citizen suspicious of anything that looks like violation of domicile or interference with rights of assembly, open discussion, freedom of press, and so on. New York City is a great, goodtempered community that likes to believe that most people mean well, and that does not like attacks upon what is called personal liberty. The foreign-born millions of this metropolis came from police-controlled countries, and they revel in their new-found immunities. This deference to personal freedom in times past has made New York a fairly comfortable place for crooks and criminals of all descriptions, and has for long periods of time made it quite impossible to enforce excise laws, election laws, and so on. The New York press naturally represents the bias of the great community in favor of as much freedom for the individual as possible, including full liberty for that tremendous population of alien origin that reads perhaps more copies of newspapers printed in foreign languages than

Lusk other ofCommittee ficial agencies besides the Department of Justice in Washington have been studying Anarchist activities. Legal and prosecuting authorities of State Governments have been at work. Police authorities in many cities, also, have found it necessary to take the Radical Socialists under surveillance; while during the war period the Army, through a special branch of the service, studied Anarchist activities because it had to protect munition factories, docks, camps, warehouses and various establishments of military character. It was perhaps in some sense a sequel of this work of the War Department that knowledge of "Red" activities in and about New York led to the appointment at Albany of a joint committee of the two houses of the legislature to investigate certain conditions which had been