Employes should remember that the ly upon the subject of contributary doctrine is almost universally recog- negligence. In some states contribunized by the courts of the land. It is tary negligence upon the part of an necessary, therefore, that employes employe is overcome by gross or wanzealously avoid taking any risk calcu- ton negligence upon the part of the lated to require upon their part any employer. Illinois has a code relative contribution likely to be construed as to comparative negligence, while some negligence. But notwithstanding this of the Southern state codes justify their universally recognized rule of law, courts in holding that no damage can there are circumstances where this be allowed in case of contributary negcontribution is overcome by wanton ligence, no matter if the employer is neglegence, on the part of the com- guilty of still greater negligence. pany. Thus in the recent case of Hence, if an injured employe seeks a Railroad Co. vs. Watson (Ala. S. C., recovery from a railway company in Sept. 19, 1890), where the company re- one state (Tenn.) for injuries received quired brakemen to use a stick, but the upon the road in another state (Georengineer knew that the brakman had gia), the law of the state in which he no stick. that he must use his hands to was injured and not that of the state guide the link; that it was within the where suit is brought prevails as to engineer's power to move the engine contributary negligence. In Georgia a back slowly, but instead he jerked the railroad employe who is guilty of conlever suddenly, causing the engine to tributary negligence cannot recover for jump back wickedly, thereby crushing personal injuries although the company brakeman's hand. Plaintiff was dam- is guilty of greater negligence. (Railages although he was guilty of such road Company vs. Lewis, Tenn. S. C., contributary negligence as would have Oct. 4, 1890.) defeated him but for the engineer's wanton negligence.

Another principle of universal interest to employes, is that no recovery for injury or death can be had if such injury or death is caused by the negligence of a fellow servant unless they can establish incompetency, negligent hiring, or negligence in providing proper rules for the service. Where the rules of a defendant company gave as the right signal to “go ahead" a particular motion of a lantern, that motion was not given, but the engineer heard the words "go ahead" and some other words he did not understand, and although this order was for another he applied it to himself, started his engine, a collision occurred and a fireman killed. In the absence of any evidence that the engineer was incompetent, or that the company had improper rules which contributed to the accident, no recovery could be had. (Peasley vs. Railroad Company, Mass. S. C., Sept. 4th; 1890.)

All state courts are governed by statute. These statutes differ material

There is a principle laid down in railway damage suits to the effect that a servant, on entering upon his employment, contracts with a view of the ordinary risks of such employment. This is held to be necessary to prompt employes to observe care, skill and interest in their fellows. This doctrine was applied in the recent case of Hobbs vs. Railroad Co. (N. C. S. C., Nov. 20, 1890,) where a brakeman was injured by the negligence of an engineer. But because he failed to state that he had been exposed to unusual and unreasonable risks, or that the company retained the engineer knowing him to be incapable there, was no liability by the common master. There have been many good reasons urged for the modification of this rule. The state of Georgia, notwithstanding her severe code relative to contributary negligence, has provided by statute (see Sec. 3036) that when an employe of any railroad company is injured by another employe, without fault or negligence on his own part, the company is liable for damages. In such cases it is

incumbent upon the employe to prove freedom of negligence upon his part. As, where a flagman, at a street crossing intersected by two parallel railway tracks, who, while walking leisurely on one of the tracks, without looking in both directions for approaching trains, and is run over from behind by an engine, cannot recover as such conduct contributed to his injury. (Railroad Co. vs. Crawford, Ala. S. C., Oct. 29th, 1890.

We received a copy of the "Proceedings of the First State Convention of Charities and Corrections," and in glancing over it we came across an adress of Rev. Dean Hart's in which he uses the following language:

"Charity, my dear friends, is the great panacea for the evils under which society is groaning today. If there were more charity in the world,

society would not be as we find it to-day, engaged in a deadly conflict with socialism and communism. It is the oppression of the poor which is hatching countless evils in our very bosom, The grinding down of the poor by unscrupulous capitalists-it is that which is driving the poor into misery, madness and despair, and when thus ripened in the school of oppression, infamous demagogues seize upon them and spur them on to

deeds of violence and to revolution.

"The remedy for this social evil lies in charity

the charity of the rich bestowing freely of their abundance to relieve the wants of the poor, the charity of the poor praying for their benefactors and obtaining for them in return heavenly blessings."

All he appears to be looking out for is the heavenly portion for himself and his wealthy friends.

The Dean's advice is good if it could only be carried out, if it were possible for the poor to pray some of the Dean Harts of this world and their unscrupulous followers out of this life into heavenly bliss there might be some chance for the poor to relieve themselves of some of the evils that are driving them into misery, madness and despair.-Colorado Workman.

About one-fifth of all males in Massachusetts average less than $1 per day. The females working at this low scale of wages comprise 72.94 per cent. of all the workers. No intelligent reader will fail to realize what this fact means. As the scale of wages rises the number of females enjoying them grows steadily less. Of a total of 7,257 workers receiving $20 a week and over, only 268 are females. The figures simply show that in the employments in which the very lowest wages are paid, women constitute over 70 per cent. of the workers, while in the employments where as high as $20 a week are paid they constitute hardly over 3 per cent

In addition to all this the humilating fact that in the same occupations, standing side by side with men, the females are paid less wages for the same work; or, what amounts to the same thing, a woman of twenty years or upward is made to work side by side with a boy of ten at the same wages. Women are compelled, then, to fill most of the cheap places, and paid less We have for the same work at that. no hesitation in saying that this is an indefensible injustice, and one so gross as to shame civilization.

There, fellow workmen, is the panacea for all your evils. According to Dean Hart all the rich have to do is continue their "unscrupulous grinding down of the poor" and "driving them into misery, madness and despair;" hatching countless evils under which society is groaning to-day; bestow a small per cent. of their ill-gotten gains upon the deserving poor and then sit down and wait for the poor to pray and obtain for them a free and unlimited Why do legislators sit passively under pass into heaven as a reward for their such discrimination of sex in the matrascality and charity. The Dean don't ter of work and wages? Simply bemake any provisions in his address for cause they know that the women carry the poor to share in any of the "heav- no votes, and that mere sentiment, enly blessings" and from the tone of however just, can neither seat nor unhis address we are led to assume he seat a politician. But it will not aldon't care a

ways be thus.-Boston Globe. '

Through an oversight in proofreading the names of Bro. H. E. Easton of Omaha, Neb., James Nolan, Kansas City, and H. N. Sandusky, Denver, delegates to the Seventh Annual Session of D. A. 82, were omitted from the list published in the November number of the MAGAZINE. Attention was called to it too late for correction

Bound volumes of the MAGAZINE for in the December number.

PECULIARITIES OF MEXICAN RAIL

ROADS.

Sketches of Mexico by W. F. Hynes in the Rocky Mountain News for December 14th, contains much interesting information of our sister republic, though the information given causes us to doubt whether it can be truly called a republic. The following reference to railroading there will be interesting to many of our readers:

(leargodors). In all the cities, and in fact throughout the republic, these people are the express wagons of toil.

The high price offered for iron and brass and the wonderful dilligence and labor a poor native will exercise to obtain it have caused to be introduced a peculiar feature in the detail of Mexican railroading. Only a railroad man can realize the important part that a link and pin plays in the train service. To the average brakeman a link is a To the "pelink and nothing more. one," if he can secure it, it means a supper. There is here a distinction and a difference that is not at all apThe opinion among a certain class of preciated by the railroad company. railroad men of the United States that Hence it is that when a conductor ara careless, indifferent manner is only rives at the end of the division, the required in Mexico is a great mistake. yardmaster receipts to him for every Personal merit and attention to busi- link and pin in the train, and in return ness is rewarded there as elsewhere, when his train is "made-up," he rethough in many instances the wages ceipts to the yardmaster for every link. could with justice be improved upon. boose. The responsibility of the care and pin between the engine and caAmerican brakeman receive $60 a month, while the Mexican brakemen of these valuable pieces of metal is obtain but $45. The natives have al- exchanged in this manner from one to most a monopoly of the firing of woodburners. This is because the American (pogenero) prefer the coal-burners. Both receive $3.70 for 118 miles, $90 a month for work trains and 24 cents per hour for delayed time. When we consider the many disadvantage and inconveniences that an American must labor under, these wages are not as flattering as they may appear. Master mechanics prefer American engineers, their work being more satisfactory; even the English engines do better under their guidance; but when it comes to the protection of the citizen the American goes to jail and the citizen of any other country, under similar circumstances, particularly England, "Wages are much higher in England goes home or where he pleases. This under free trade than they are in Geris a crying evil in Mexico and is per- many under protection. Therefore mitted to such an extent that an Amer- free trade raises wages.' Or: 'Wages ican (Gringo), in the eyes of the natives, is a man without a country. The cold, indifferent reception that complaints of this character have been received by our consul, his slow and inactive conduct when a case of false imprisonment is reported, would in the representative of any other government be the occasion of his prompt dismissal.

the other, somewhat like the transferring of register packages in the railway mail service. However, since the discovery has been made that the rubber hose, when cut in strips, makes excellent sandal straps, the "rubber air hose" has been added to the list of receipted articles. Should a conductor be obliged to leave a car on any siding he must remove its links and pins, take the brasses from the boxes and strip

it of its air hose. Whoever will be instructed to "pick it up" will furnish this equipment from the stock in his "way car."

are much higher in England now under free trade than they were fifty years ago under protection. Therefore free trade raises wages.' Or: 'In 1849, under a low tariff, common workmen in California could make $20 a day. In 1890, under a high tariff, they do not make over $2. Therefore high tariffs cut down wages.'

In the operation of the whole 2,400 miles of the Mexican Central there are not more than ten Mexican engineers "This sort of argument is plainly employed, and five of those are run- worthless, and yet it is all the protecning switch engines. There are no tive system has to stand on. Tell a Mexican conductors. The trainmen protectionist that his system is opposed handle no way-freight, either loading

or unloading. At every station there to all reason, and he points you to the are five or six men to do that work existing prosperity of labor in the

United States, such as it is, and to noth- be meted to the immoral man as the ing else.

woman who sins, or our civilization will "Now, when we begin threading the go as have the civilizations upon whose trails of history we should do so with ruins we have builded. This is a our eyes open. When we do this we serious fact, but it is a fact, and the can easily master a few general facts. sooner we squarely face it the better. We find that all over the civilized There must be free and earnest discusworld, for the past 200 years, the con- sion of this great problem and an undition of the people has been steadily swerving demand for absolute purity improving. This is due to a power on the part of man, no less than woabove tariffs or forms of governmentman.-American Spectator.

to the march of invention and discovery. The workman all over the world

"He lives long who lives well; and

is better off to-day than his father was time misspent is not lived, but lost."

forty years ago, or his grandfather seventy-five years ago, or his greatgrandfather a hundred years ago. He is so because steam and electricity are toiling for him night and day, making things to clothe his family, beautify his home and make his life easier. If a workman in the last century had occasion to go from Boston to New York, he had to the several months out of his life to earn money enough to buy a seat on a stage coach. Now at the cost of one day's work he can be whisked to his destination by rail. Then the cloth for his clothes had to be slowly woven on a hand loom. Now it is turned out by machinery by the thousand yards. One man now can do the work which it required 100 to do then."-San Fran

cisco Examiner.

THE N. Y. C. STRIKE.

[COPYRIGHTED 1890.]

It was the time, when,
Seventy-four union men.

Were discharged, without reason or cause;
For the Vanderbilt Laird,
That a strike, was declared,

Whom annuled, all our rights and all laws.
CHO.-But Organized Labor, .

Will handle the Saber

That cut off our poor heads, for years; And the Great, N. Y. C.,

From this, on will be,

A quarry, to build stronger piers.

That Wealth is combined,
Your Trusts, have defined,

But the poor, man that struggles for bread;
Is told by Depew,

It never will do,

To unite, to be decently fed.

--CHO.-

Though the Great, Federation,
Has surprised, the Nation,

Saying, Knights you must fight it alone;
While, one stood to reverse,
Whispered, there goes the hearse,

That was hired, for us by Old Stone.
--CHO--

But the impelling, Web.

I have been more than disgusted at the attitude of many of Parnell's political opponents in raising their voices in holy horror at the immorality of the Irish leader, while they have had nothing to say about the Cleveland Street scandal, and other shameful disclosures Was more like a Reb, which effected leading lions. Those Guarding Libby though not near as good; who are toadying to the Prince of For little boys, they were shot. Wales, Duke of Marlboro, and their like, have no right to try and cry down Parnell. We are nearing a crisis in our history, considered from an ethical point of view. Either there must be a bold, brave, persistent assult on masculine immorality, and a steadfast demand for sex equality, and for the sɩme punishment and degradation to

As they, passed by the spot,

And women. wherever they stood.
--CHO--

Though They got a receipt,

When they paid, for the meat,

They buryed, with no time to spare;
Yet they, never will get,

In Their Deep-Pew, I'll bet,

To say for us a prayer.
--CHO--

-By Callaghan, Council Bluffs, Iowa.