infantry to be armed and equipped as riflemen, and one regiment as light infantry.

The twenty-fifth section alone, recognized the principle of expansion, by authorizing the President, whenever volunteers or militia were called into the service, to appoint, if necessary, one additional paymaster for each two regiments, provided that paymasters so appointed should continue in service, only so long as they were required to pay volunteers and militia.

The twenty-eighth section required cadets on entering the United States Military Academy, to engage to serve the Government eight years, unless sooner discharged.

The twenty-ninth section gave three months' extra pay to reenlisted soldiers, and accorded a bounty of 160 acres of land to every soldier, discharged after ten years' faithful service.

The thirty-first section prohibited the detail of officers of the line, on works of internal improvements, in the service of incorporated companies, or as disbursing agents for the Indian Department, whenever such detail would separate them from their regiment or companies. The thirty-third and last section authorized the appointment of 7 additional surgeons.

This law, evidently passed in considerable haste, was modified in several important particulars by the act of July 7.

The third section of this act repealed so much of the ninth section of the preceding law, as prescribed that assistant quartermasters should be separated from the line.

The fourth limited the lieutenants of artillery to be transferred to the ordnance, to 12.

The fifth section reduced the pay of a private from $8 to $7 per month, of which $1 was to be retained.

The seventh section prescribed that the 3 commissaries of subsistence should not be separated from the line.

The eighth section repealed the bounty of 160 acres to be granted, for ten years' faithful service.

The following tables show the organization of the Army, before and after the passage of the acts of 1838, viz:

It will be observed that the ills springing from detached service were but partially cured. In failing to provide supernumeraries in the Quartermaster's and Commissary's Departments, two most important branches of the staff, as in the past, could only be made efficient at the expense of the line.

To the prejudice of true economy, the other great defect of the law of 1821, the nonexpansion of the rank and file, was also only remedied in part. Instead of authorizing the President to expand the Army to a given limit, with like power to reduce it by a mere Executive order, the moment the public interest would permit, Congress prescribed a war maximum which might continue months after the emergency had ceased and could only be lessened by the slow and uncertain process of legislation.

COMPLICATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN.

During the years 1838 and 1839, serious complications arose along the Niagara frontier, portending a third war with Great Britain.

The first difficulty occurred on the 29th of December, 1837, when an expedition from Canada crossed over to the American side and killed several persons, setting the steamer Caroline on fire and sending her adrift over the falls.

The object of the expedition was to cut off communication with a small body of Americans, who had invaded British territory and were holding forcible possession of Navy Island.

Partly to resist further aggression, but more especially to enforce the neutrality of more than 200,000 of our citizens, who had banded together under the name of "Canadian Patriots," with the object of invading and annexing Canada, General Scott was despatched to the frontier, with full authority to call on the governors of all the border States, including Virginia and Kentucky, for such a force of militia as he might deem expedient.

In addressing the excited crowds along the border, General Scott, making a virtue of necessity, was compelled to inform the people:

I stand before you without troops, and without arms save the sword at my side. At this critical moment 9 of the 13 regiments of the Army, including

@Scott's Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 305.
Scott's Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 312.

the whole of the artillery, were in Florida, the 4 remaining regiments being nearly all distributed at great distances along the western frontier.

On the 15th of January, General Scott informed the commanding officer of the British armed vessels on the Niagara, that the governor of New York and himself were at hand, "to enforce the neutrality of the United States and to protect our own soil or waters from violation." a The next day the steamer Barcelona, which had replaced the Caroline, was to return from Navy Island to Buffalo, and on the nature of her passage depended the question of peace or war. As she passed along, the British withheld their fire, the pacific disposition of the American commander having triumphed.'

While the incident of the Barcelona proved the climax of the troubles along the Niagara River, the agitation continued till 1839, when another and more serious difficulty occurred regarding the boundary of Maine.

To meet this emergency, the Regular Army being still engaged in Florida and the Southwest, Congress again resolved to trust to raw troops.

By the act of March 3, it authorized the President

to resist any attempt on the part of Great Britain to enforce, by arms, her claim to jurisdiction over that part of the State of Maine which is in dispute between the United States and Great Britain,

and for that purpose he was empowered to employ the naval and military forces of the United States and such portions of the militia, as he might deem it advisable to call into service.

The third section, in case of actual invasion, or of imminent danger from such invasion, discovered to exist before Congress could be convened to act on the subject, authorized the President to accept the services of not exceeding 50,000 volunteers, who were to furnish their own clothes and horses and to serve six or twelve months, after arriving at the place of rendezvous.

The fifth section placed $10,000,000 at the disposal of the President, for the purposes of executing the act, which, by the sixth and last section, was to continue in force until the end of sixty days after the meeting of the first session of the following Congress.

A glance at this law, for the passage of which General Scott claimed special credit, shows that on its face there was no indication that Congress had either appreciated or been able to profit by the losses of the Revolution, the War of 1812, or even by its own two years' experience with the Florida War. Fortunately for the country, a repetition of the disasters which marked the beginning of the War of 1812 was averted by a peaceful settlement.

CAMPAIGNS FROM 1838 TO 1842.

The war in Florida was conducted henceforward by a succession of commanders, who mostly limited their operations to the combined movements of small detachments numbering from 50 to 100 men each. On the 15th of May, 1838, General Jesup was relieved, at his own request, and succeeded by Col. Zachary Taylor. From the beginning

@Scott's Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 315.

Scott's Autobiography, vol. 1, p. 316, 317.
Scott's Autobiography, vol. 2, p. 333.

of General Jesup's second campaign-1st September, 1837-until_he relinquished command, the number of Indians killed was estimated at 35, the captured at 1,955; the negroes and Indians who voluntarily surrendered were computed at 2,400, of whom 700 were warriors. After this, up to the summer of 1839, the Indians rarely if ever engaged the regular troops.

In May, 1839, General Macomb visited Florida, and on the 18th of the month promulgated the following general order:

The Major-General Commanding in Chief, has the satisfaction of announcing to the army in Florida, to the authorities of the Territory, and to citizens generally, that he has this day terminated the war with the Seminole Indians, by an agreement entered into with Chitto Tustenuggee, principal chief of the Seminoles, and successor to Arpeika, commonly called Sam Jones, brought to this post by Lieutenant-Colonel Harney, Second Dragoons, from the southern part of the Peninsula.

By the terms of the treaty, hostilities were to cease immediately, the Indians to retire within sixty days to territory south of Pease Creek, where, being protected from intrusion by the troops, they were "to remain till further arrangements could be made." "Within this territory no citizen was to enter, without the permission of post commanders.

Relying on the good faith of the Indians, the citizens again returned to their homes, but on the 23d of July, Colonel Harney, who had gone with about 40 men to the Coloosahatchee River, to establish a trading post pursuant to the treaty, was treacherously attacked just before dawn and 18 of his men massacred, himself and 13 others escaping. This treachery renewed the war for a third time with all its former aggravations, the citizens again abandoned their plantations, the Indians appeared in small parties, carrying dismay throughout the Peninsula, while the troops, in small detachments, resumed the almost fruitless task of scouting the forests and swamps. In the summer of 1840, General Taylor was relieved from duty at his own request, and ordered to turn over the command to General Armistead. Under General Armistead, the Territory was divided into seven military districts. The regular troops at his disposal consisted of:

In addition a force of 1,500 militia--500 foot and 1,000 mounted— were being raised for operations in north Florida. After directing military movements until the summer of 1841, General Armistead, at his own request, was ordered to turn over the command to Colonel Worth of the Eighth Infantry. This officer inaugurated a system of summer campaigns, which destroyed the crops and other means of subsistence of the Indians and soon forced them to sue for peace.

The character of the country traversed in these campaigns is thus described by General Sprague:

The undergrowth is almost impenetrable, consisting of scrub oak, palmetto, and grapevines, so thick that a passage can only be made with the assistance of an ax, cutting a footpath as through a wall. At the distance of 10 feet an individual is totally obscured. The wet hummocks are more formidable but less frequented. In most of them the water stands the year around from 4 to 6 inches deep, with a thick