the North. It is claimed that the Southern States are conquered provinces, and have only such rights as the conqueror chooses to confer that they have none which Northern men are bound to respect that the Constitution confers no rights upon the South, because they are out of the Union and are governed by laws made outside that instrument. The good feeling once existing between the North and South has perished. The industry that once made the South bloom, and gave employment to the manufacturing and commercial interests of the North, has nearly ceased to exist, and enterprise is dead. The uncertainty of the future. keeps capital from the South, and prevents the revival of hope in business matters. To crown their difficulties, Congress refuses them a place in the Union until they will deprive themselves of their former rights, and subject themselves to a level with the negroes, refusing some even the privilege of standing upon a platform with them. The civil courts and everybody among them are ruled by the bayonet, controlled by Congress and the Republican party. Congress claims and exercises the right to prohibit self-government at its pleasure, and to exercise all power itself in its own way. Crime, if committed by a negro, generally goes unpunished. The people of Poland and Hungary were never subjected to more insulting indignities. The North felt for these countries, and for Greece, but not a voice in the Republican ranks is raised in behalf of the depressed and degraded South, although her wrongs and injuries are known to all parts of the civilized world. Every European nation sympathizes more with them than do the politicians who control Congress, and through it sustain the tyranny and despotism which prevail there among all white men. Ten States have been stricken from the Union, not to be restored, except under circumstances indicating their intention to aid in continuing the power of the Republican party, through negro suffrage, and the exclusion of white men. Such is the condition of the country at the present time, under Republican rule. They are even denied the right to seek redress in the court of last resort for admitted injuries they may sustain. The South is ruled by negroes, "wheedling strangers," and the bayonet. 3. It is not difficult to understand what our country may become, if its affairs shall be rightly conducted. We can be first in ship-building, in commerce and the fisheries, first in agriculture and in most kinds of manufactures, first in the arts of peace and war, first in education, and in the arts and sciences, and in whatever elevates man to the highest positions accessible to him. When the war, outside the Constitution, ends, capital will flow South and investments there become safe, and prosperity will follow, with all the advantages incident to it. Individually and nationally, we shall assume that position to which we are entitled. Our agriculture will rival the most favored in the world, our commerce will go wherever ships can sail, our manufactures will spread as far as profits can be made; education, and every useful art, will receive encouragement, and produce the most beneficial results; in a word, when men are free and protected by the laws in their persons and property, they will then work out their own happiness in their own way. But this is not permitted to the secession States; though a portion of the land of freedom, they are not free, and are made, by Congress, a secondary class where they reside. If allowed to act out the natural impulses of the human mind, the whole Union will again blossom and produce the fruits of freedom. Enterprise and prosperity will again become predominant and all-controlling, and the United States will be, what our people and the nations of the earth predicted we should be, the greatest and most prosperous nation, and the most contented and happy people, on the habitable globe. 131.-DEAN RICHMOND. The name of Dean Richmond is known in every cabin in New York where generosity, honesty, and Democratic principles are cherished. He was a power in his party, and always ignored every effort to confer office upon him. If the hand of power deprived a woman of her husband's aid in providing for the family, his check made her heart glad and kept starvation from the door. An early benefactor in a small way has been relieved from the embarrassments of after-life with a check from an unknown source for thousands. The widow and the orphan have been made happy by his unsolicited donations. Whenever means, honestly applied, could promote the cause of the Democracy, his liberality was seldom excelled. He was wise in counsel and energetic in action. Few so readily comprehended the consequences of political action. His knowledge seemed to be intuitive, and was always at hand. He could equally detect the mistakes of friends as well as opponents. It was the superiority of his mind, and not management, that made him for many years the acknowledged head of the Democratic party, and, to a large extent, directing its policy. Its principles were established and acknowledged before he was born. He adopted them because, from their benevolent character, they found a natural resting-place in his sympathiizng heart. His mind naturally, instinctively rejected those of an adverse character, as unsuited to promote the happiness of mankind. He loved people as a part of the human family, and not because they were born in any particular locality, or conformed to some expressed opinion. His sympathies were as expansive as human suffering, and he relieved most liberally. He acquired a perfect knowledge of business, not by the slow process of practical experience, but by accurate observation, and precision of reflection. He mastered in an hour what it took many others years to comprehend. Such was the confidence of his associates in the New York Central Railroad, of which he was a long time vice-president, and then president until his death, that no enterprise of importance was undertaken without his approbation and advice. He was the master-spirit of the commercial enterprises upon the upper lakes. The soundness and accuracy of his judgment were proved by the unquestioned results exhibited in his exceedingly large income. His ideas of business were not confined to mere localities, or building up sectional interests. He was for opening the broadest pathways, including the largest possible number of interests. He looked to business, not merely as the cause of accumulation, but as the means of accomplishing general good. While some feel proud of performing a "keen trick" in business, he was above and despised all such things. His judgment was largely relied upon by those who had the means of profiting by it. He had his fixed views upon most subjects, and adhered to them, because his judgment told him he was right. Whenever he entered a society, corporation, or other association, he soon became the master-spirit, not because he sought to become such, but because he was master of the subject, and presented his views in such clear and terse language, that his associates seldom failed to be convinced. He did not make himself a leader of others, but they made him their leader. He did not command the unwilling, but took the lead where others demanded his guidance. Although Mr. Richmond enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the Democracy, and exercised a greater influence in the party than any other man in it, still he never consented to hold any public office whatever. Office-holding could not have added to his elevated position in the public mind any more than it could to that of Mr. George Peabody. He participated in public affairs. because they were public affairs, which every citizen ought to understand, and he performed only his public duty in attending to them. He was unwilling to become an agent of others, when he only found time to give directions as a principal. His private business had more charms for him than that of a public character, where routine is the leading feature, leaving his great intellectual faculties unemployed. He looked upon it as a clear duty to attend to his private business. He wished to see active business men look to public business as one of the first and proudest duties of a citizen, but not as an affair of personal interest. though his early education was limited, there were few, if any, executive positions under our Government which he could not have filled with credit to himself and country. He was a man of large frame and massive brain. His features resembled the portraits of Cromwell, to whom it is said his lineage might be traced. possessed quaint wit and humor, and agreeable manners. was quick and happy in his replies to those assailing him. ever wished to repeat an assault. Al He He Few All In his family circle he was a model husband and father. the duties of both relations he performed in the manner calculated to produce the greatest happiness. The example of such a man as Dean Richmond is of infinite value to our people, and especially to the young. It teaches them the true duties of an American citizen. From it they will learn why men should look after our political and public affairs, and why they should extend their other thoughts and apply all their energies to their private business. Public affairs should be thoroughly understood, and so directed, as to lead to the happiness of mankind, while those of a private character should demand all care and attention in order to promote the welfare of himself, of his family, and those naturally dependent upon him, and at the same time contribute, as far as practicable, to the aggregate of wealth of the State, which gives character and consideration to our nation. In time of war, if there were no accumulations of wealth beyond that acquired honestly in office-holding, what would become of the Government? It is the fruits of business on the one Land, and strong hands and resolute hearts on the other, that save us. Dean Richmond was born March 31, 1804, at Barnard, Vermont, and was the youngest son of Hatheway Richmond and Rachel Dean, both natives of Massachusetts. He came with the family to Salina, New York, to reside at the age of twelve, and remained there until 1843, when he removed to Buffalo, where he continued in business until his death. Subsequently he made Batavia his residence. He was taken ill when returning from the Philadelphia Convention in 1866, and died in the city of New York on the 27th day of August, in the sixty-third year of his age. 132.-NEGRO WAR-SERVICES AND NEGRO LOYALTY. On no subject has the public mind been more imposed upon than negro war-services and negro loyalty. It has been assumed, and Congress acts upon the assumption, that all the able-bodied negroes in the South were volunteers in the army, and that every negro was loyal. No evidence has yet been adduced to prove the truth of either position. The testimony is abundant that the Southern negroes heartily espoused the cause of their masters, and rendered them all the assistance they could in a hundred ways, though not enlisted in the ranks of the army. In digging and intrenching, constructing breast works, moving and caring for army |