66

From the numerous remains of round housesstanding singly, but more or less near each other, built in the most primitive manner of unwrought stones without cement, varying in diameter, the largest not exceeding twelve feet-there can be no doubt that Dartmoor and its borders in the early ages were rather thickly inhabited. These edifices are attributed to the ancient Britons: indeed, we have partial confirmation of the surmise from Cæsar, who says that the houses of the Britons were built singly; and the Rev. Mr. Fosbrooke, in his learned dissertation on British Antiquities, gives a representation of a dwelling of this people, which corresponds with the remains on Dartmoor.

There are also several Druidical or Celtic remains on the Moor, as the circles, the logans, and the rock basins abundantly testify. At Drewsteignton, there is a very remarkable logan, or rocking stone, in the rocky channel of the Teign river, but its oscillating powers have nearly ceased. The base or under-stone of this vast mass of granite is deeply set in a bed of rocks, of which, indeed, it forms a part. The logan stone is of irregular shape, its height, or thickness, varying from six or seven to ten feet; its length is about eighteen feet; the top flattish. When rocked, it is said to have emitted an audible murmur of a peculiarly awful nature. The scenery around this monument of a remote age, is of uncommon grandeur. There are one or two other logan stones in the same neighbourhood, but of less dimensions. The only cromlech on the Moor, is at Shilston, near Drewsteignton, which bears the name of the Spinster's Rock, from an absurd tradition that three spinsters, or unmarried damsels, constructed it one morning for their amusement before breakfast. Chappell considers this cromlech as a druidical place of judicature, or perhaps intended for astronomical purposes. On the higher part of Dartmoor are two circles called the "Gray Wethers," from their fancied resemblance, at a short distance, to sheep. They are situated directly under Sittafond Tor, and consist of thirty stones, each varying from three to five feet in height, and from seven to nine feet apart, according to their size. Not more than half of them are erect, some being thrown down, and others removed. Both circles are sixty feet in diameter. Barrows, or ancient graves, are common on several of the downs, and on Quarnell Down in particular, there is a barrow ninetyfour paces in circumference. Some of these ancient places of sepulture have been opened, but only fragments of bones and urns were found.

Dartmoor gives rise to a large number of rivers and mountain-streams: the scenery on some is very peculiar, and in many respects almost unequalled in interest and beauty, particularly in the wilder and more secluded parts of the region, and in the vicinity of the coast. The principal rivers are the Dart, hich imparts its name to the Moor,) the Teign,

northern quarter of the district, chiefly from a range of hills called Cranmere; and, with the exception of the Taw, travel southward towards the BritishChannel, and give their names at their embouchures, to several ports and watering-places, some of which are of considerable importance.

The numerous brooks and torrent streams of the Moor also rank among its distinguishing features. As the country is one continued slope from its highest elevation to the sea, many of the streams rush with headlong fury, along deep and shadowy ravines, mountainous elevations rising in frowning grandeur over the tumultuous waters at their feet, which, all wildness and power, hasten on to mingle with the ocean beyond, or unite with some stately river. There are in Dartmoor, or on its immediate borders, not fewer than five principal rivers, twenty-four secondary rivers, fifteen brooks, two lakes, and seven heads; or, altogether, fifty-three streams. This superabundance of water is occasioned by the spongy nature of the land, which retains the heavy showers that so frequently fall in the western counties, until the waters in the extensive morasses gradually overflow. In this manner, and from almost as small beginnings, do some of the most mighty rivers in the world take their rise, and are evidences of the many and ever bountiful provisions which the all-wise, and supreme Author of nature has furnished for the use and benefit of His creatures. The roaring of the various torrents of water in the Moor, after heavy rains, and when the wind favours the transmission of the sound, is very grand, and especially striking to those who have never heard this impressive music in this "wild and wondrous region."

One of the peculiarities of Dartmoor and the surrounding country, are the Tons, or as they are called by the native poet of the district, with a poet's license, "Mighty Tors." The word tor implies, in the Celtic and other languages, a beacon or fire-tower, and some of these hills were formerly used for this purpose. There are none that rise to any very lofty altitude, Rippen Tor, which is considered amongst the highest, being only 1549 feet above the level of the ocean, an elevation not greatly exceeding that of the Malvern Hills in Worcestershire.

Hey, or High Tor, is perhaps the most remarkable of the series, and when illumed by the rising sun, its rocky summits may be distinguished at an amazing distance. It consists of a double peak, or two large but separate columns, with steps cut in the solid stone for ascending each; and from the summit there is a magnificent view of the coast, stretching to the east as far as the cliffs of Dorset, and embracing on almost every point of the compass, a rich and diversified mass of heath, woods, rocks, meadows, rivers, towns, and villages. This tor is celebrated for its peat or blackwood, and the rarity of its mosses and lichens. Some of the tors are supposed by geologists to be extinct volcanoes; but this is not supported by facts, though the conical form of several might perhaps warrant that conclusion. In the seventy-fifth volume of the Gentleman's Magazine, it is asserted that Bren Tor, near Tavistock, has a volcanic origin; and looking at its conical form, and the porous nature of the rock which composes it, there may be some grounds for the supposition. Crockern Tor, so well known to antiquaries, at least by name, stands about a mile distant from a place called Two Bridges, in the east quarter of the Moor, of which it is considered by some to be the centre. The president, or judge's chair, part of the bench for the jurors, and three irregular steps for ascend

In the valley of the Cad, near Shaugh Bridge, rising perpendicularly from the margin of the stream, is a remarkable cliff, or mass of rock, called the Dewerstone. The surface is profusely overgrown with thick and variegated underwood, consisting of ivy and other parasitical plants, which spread their luxuriant foliage over its jagged and shattered front, as if anxious to bind up the wounds that time and tempest have inflicted. The view from the summit into the awful depth beneath, is very impressive. SHAUGH BRIDGE crosses the river Plym a short distance below the junction of that river with the Cad. How oft, as noon

Unnoticed faded into eve, my feet

Have lingered near thy bridge, romantic Shaugh;
While, as the sister waters rushed beneath,
Tumultuous, haply glanced the setting beam
Upon the crest of Dewerstone. The hawk
Rested upon the aged cliff;-around

A holy silence reigned ;-the mountain's breast, Lay hushed as midnight;-not a vagrant gale Sighed through the woods of Plym, and on the soul Fell deep the impressive calm.-CARRINGTON. The scenery of the Plym is of extreme beauty, and ranks amongst the finest in the kingdom. In consequence of the number of rivers and streams which flow through Dartmoor, nearly one hundred and fifty bridges have necessarily been erected by the county at various periods.

A RAILWAY between Prince Town and Sutton Pool, near Plymouth, a distance of more than twentyfive miles, was opened for public use in September, 1823, at a cost of 39,9837., raised principally by the influence of Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, who subscribed upwards of 30007. towards the undertaking. The railway was projected by the same spirited individual in the beginning of the year 1818. A company was subsequently formed, and incorporated as the Plymouth and Dartmoor Railway Company. Immense quantities of granite of the finest quality are conveyed on it, and shipped for London and other large towns.

Prince Town, a small place containing about thirty houses, so called in honour of his late majesty, when Prince of Wales, is worthy of notice, as being the site of DARTMOOR PRISON, where, during the late war, a great number of prisoners were confined. From May 29, 1809, to April 22, 1814, no less than 12,679 unhappy victims were incarcerated there; about 1117 deaths occurred during that period, of which 1095 were French, and twenty-two Americans. This immense and remarkable structure is exceeedingly well adapted for the object designed. Elevated at least 1400 feet above the sea, it comprises within its walls a circumference of thirty acres, enclosed on its eastern, northern, and southern directions, by a lofty wall, and on the western part, or front, which being straight, blunts the circumference, by two handsome residences appropriated to the agent and surgeon, and having between them a Cyclopean gateway, surmounted with the motto, "Parcere subjectis." Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt, the originator of the railway, first suggested the idea to government, and as the prisons at Plymouth had become old and inconvenient, it was determined to erect this building from the plan of Mr. Alexander. The first stone was laid in March, 1806. The edifice is principally composed of the granite so plentiful on the Moor, and was completed at a cost of about 127,0007. A portion of the building, comprising two of the prisons, the dwellings for the inferior officers, and the walls of the chapel and

interior of the chapel was fitted up by the American prisoners, who were paid a daily sum for this labour; a mode of employment which tended to alleviate the tedium of their captivity, and increase their comforts. The various parts of the prison were thoroughly supplied with excellent water from an inexhaustible reservoir filled by a branch of the river Walkham, diverted for that purpose.

The air of Dartmoor is exceedingly healthful and invigorating; one proof of which is to be found in the fact, that the " Moorsmen," as they are locally termed, are famed for feats of strength, especially wrestling. Many of the inhabitants attain a great age. The farmers lead a very laborious life in cultivating the barren lands in the vicinity of their habitations; nevertheless, they seem happy and contented with their lot, and, as is generally the case in all wild and moorland districts, they appear greatly attached to the soil which gave them birth. Many of the cottagers maintain themselves by digging peat fuel from the extensive bogs, which is chiefly sent to that district of the county termed "the south hams." Others job in cattle, and drive a humble trade in garden produce, &c.

Dartmoor, in former days, particularly when covered in a greater or less degree with wood, is said to have abounded with wolves, boars, badgers, and other wild animals. The wolf was not extinct in Dartmoor, according to Howel, even so late as the reign of Elizabeth. Wild cattle, similar to the aboriginal species preserved in Chillingham Park, Northumberland, formerly abounded. The red deer and stag have now nearly abandoned it, the former being chiefly to be met with in the north of Devon. In the time of Henry the Third the stag was common. Foxes, hares, and rabbits, are still very numerous. The moor-horse, or more properly pony, is an active little animal, but seems to be left almost entirely in a state of nature.

Some writers have supposed that Dartmoor, in the old time, was luxuriantly covered with wood, and, indeed, at various periods the trunks, branches, and roots of trees, chiefly oak and birch, have been discovered in several parts, at different depths from the surface of the ground, some even so low as six or eight feet. The wood, from its contact with the marshy soil, is black, and after exposure for a time to the sun and air, becomes exceedingly hard. The solitary remains of the forest called the Wood of Wistman, so beautifully alluded to by Carrington, as "Dreary in aspect, silently decaying," stands on a slope, near the West Dart, to the north-east of Crockern Tor. It consists of scrubbed decrepit trees, chiefly oak, scarcely exceeding seven feet in height; their branches almost destitute of foliage, overrun with moss, brambles, and other parasitical plants, exhibit a scene of uncouth and cheerless desolation. The circumference of some of these hoary foresters almost equals their height. Wordsworth truly says,

I looked upon the scene, both far and near, More doleful place did never eye survey; It seemed as if the spring time came not here, Or nature here was willing to decay. been made at various periods to plant and improve Several laudable attempts, on a large scale, have Dartmoor, and it is extremely probable that it will be ultimately enclosed. A recent writer observes,

only of considerable attendant advantages, but of the perfect practicability of doing more. In the wastes surrounding the moor barrenness is gradually disappearing, and softening into verdure and fertility. By judicious measures

What has been effected affords a manifest proof, not

sterility might be wholly banished, excepting where the peat earth lies immediately upon the granite rock. The soil of the neighbouring vales is of superior quality, and consists of rich friable loams; and even on the moor itself are spots forming oases, as it were, in a desert, and highly susceptible of useful conversion.

The same writer says,

That the moor was once cultivated is evident, from the traces of furrows or ridges, and stone inclosures, still remaining upon and around it, and from the lower layers of thatch in the roofs of its old buildings being rye-straw, which probably was the grain then raised.

NOTES ON FOREST TREES. No. XXV.

"The Hazel," says Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, "which, besides making up a prominent part of many a grove in the happiest manner, and tufting and fringing the sides of many a ravine, often presents us with very picturesque stems and ramifications. Then when we think of the lovely scenes into which the careless steps of our youth have been led in search of its nuts, when Autumn had begun to brown the tops of their clusters, we are bound to it by threads of the most delightful associations with those beloved ones who were the companions of such idle but happy days."

The Hazel appears to flourish in atmost all descriptions of soil, but it succeeds best, and its fruit is larger and finer flavoured, in a light and moist earth. It is extremely hardy, and its blossoms appear very early in the Spring, even if the weather is severe. The stem is surrounded with numerous young shoots, which offer a very easy method of propagating the tree. But it may be grown from the seed; in this case, the nuts should be put into the ground in the Autumn, soon after they are gathered, and the young plants will appear in the next Spring. If the sowing of the nut is left until the Spring, they must be preserved through the Winter in dry sand, to prevent their becoming rancid; the trees reared in this last manner are much more vigorous, and acquire a greater height than those produced from suckers.

The fruit of the common nut is thought but little of, but the filbert, which is merely a larger variety produced by cultivation, is considered worthy of a place in the dessert. The wood of the Hazel when young is extremely flexible, and in some places it is much used in the manufacture of baskets. Nut-oil is expressed from the kernel of the Hazel nut, and is sometimes employed for the same purpose as oliveoil it is also used by painters in oil colours, but the greater proportion of oil sold for this purpose as nutoil, is merely a refined linseed-oil.

THE HAZEL, (Corylus avellana.)

THIS well-known tree seldom exceeds twenty feet in height, and from its mode of growth and size may be called indiscriminately a small tree or a large shrub. It appears to be a native of all the temperate portions of Europe and Asia.

The south of Spain produces great quantities of hazel nuts, which are exported in considerable numbers to other parts of the Continent, particularly from the port of Barcelona, by which name all the Spanish nuts are known. It seems to have been looked upon by the ancients more in reference to the superstitious practices in which it was employed, than on account of its useful properties. Pliny says torches were made of its branches at marriages, the burning of which was supposed to be lucky to the young couple. In more recent times advantage has been taken of the folly of mankind by its employment for the purpose of discovering metals, water, hidden treasure, lost property, &c., by means of a divining rod* formed of a twig of Hazel. The impositions that have been practised by designing persons by the aid of this instrument are almost incredible, and even at present it has not fallen entirely into disuse.

See Saturday Magazine, Vol. IX., p. 36.

LEAVES, CATKINS, AND FRUIT OF THE HAZEL.

ON WRITING MATERIALS.

No. V.

THE MANUFACTURE OF WRITING-PAPER, In our last article on this subject, we gave a general description of the different kinds of paper, and a short account of their history, and of their introduction into this country. We shall now describe the modes of manufacturing this useful article in England.

In this, as in almost every case, the earlier specimens were produced by a greater share of manual labour than is employed at present, the inventions of modern times having enabled us to substitute machinery in almost every branch of manufacture. The I result of this is, that society in general is supplied with better productions, in larger quantity, and at a cheaper rate than formerly. Such is the case with the paper manufacture. Those processes which are now performed almost entirely by machinery used to be performed by hand. We will treat first of the mode of making paper by hand.

The rags of which the paper is made are sorted into different qualities, according to the kind of paper which is required. The rags are then carried in bags to the rag-house, where women cut them up into pieces three or four inches square. They sit at a table formed of wire-work, across which is placed a knife, with the sharp edge uppermost. The woman at the table takes up the rags piece by piece, removes all impurities, such as buttons, seams, &c., and cuts the rags into small pieces, by drawing them along the edge of the knife, the impurities, dust, dirt, &c., falling through the wire top of the table into a drawer beneath. At her side is placed a box, divided into several compartments, into which she throws the pieces which she has cut; different compartments being chosen for different qualities.

The rags are then examined by "overlookers" or "overhaulers," to see that the work of the cutters has been properly performed; after which the rags are put into a cylinder, called a duster. This is about four and a half feet in diameter, and five feet in length, and is formed of wire cloth. A door in the cylinder is opened, a hundred weight or more of rags are put in, and the door is closed. The cylinder is then made to revolve rapidly, and as the rags are whirled about within it, they are caught and separated by spokes or arms which are inserted in the axis of the cylinder. By this means, the dust and dirt are completely shaken or beaten from the rags, and passes out through the wire cloth of the cylinder.

The rags are then boiled in water, which contains from four to ten pounds of carbonate of soda and a little quick lime to every hundred weight of rags. The boiling is continued for about eight hours, after which the contents of the boiler are allowed to cool very gradually. The boiled rags are then taken to the engine-house, to be reduced to pulp, which is effected in two engines, the washing and the beating engines. The washing-engine is a trough ten feet long, four and a half wide, and two and a half deep, made of wood, lined with copper or lead, or else made wholly of cast iron. In this engine a cylinder, called a roll, revolves, which is generally made of a solid block of elm, two feet long and two feet in diameter. Bars of steel are fixed to the circumference of the roll, parallel to one another, and also to the axis. These bars are about thirty-eight in number, and are from three-eighths to half an inch thick.

This roll revolves on a horizontal axis, so as to come nearly in contact with a plate fixed in the bottom of the trough. This plate has a number of steel bars projecting upwards from it, which are arranged in a

direction somewhat inclined to the bars on the roll, so that when the rags are drawn between the roll and the plate, the bars in the two latter act somewhat on the principle of a pair of scissors. The trough being half filled with water, about a hundred weight of rags are put in, and the cylinder is put in motion. The bars catch up the rags, carry them half round, and dash them against a curved surface, called the backfall, down which they are again brought beneath the cylinder. A number of small holes at the bottom of the trough carry off the dirty water, which is separated from the rags by passing through a wire cloth, which is too fine to admit the rags. The rags are brought, by the continual revolution of the cylinder, again and again between the cylinder and the plate, where they are bruised and worked down to a pulp. The bars are made blunt, as it is deemed desirable that the rags should be bruised, rather than cut, into a pulp. A constant supply of pure water is admitted to the rags in the trough.

This process of washing occupies about three or four hours; after which the pulp is allowed to flow from the trough through a six-inch pipe into the draining-chest, which is situated in a lower floor of the building, and which is perforated with small holes, to let the water drain off from the pulp.

The pulp is then bleached in one of two ways— either by exposing it to the action of chlorine, in the state of a gas; or by steeping it in a solution of chloride of lime: the latter plan appears to be the most advantageous. If the first plan be adopted, the pulp is boiled in an alkaline solution of lime for several hours, after which it is washed in clear water, to remove the solution. The water is then pressed out, and the pulp is exposed to the action of chlorine, which is procured, in leaden retorts, from sulphuric acid, sea-salt, and the black oxide of manganese. In the other method of bleaching, the pulp is removed from the draining-chest into stone bleaching-chests. About one hundred weight of pulp is put into each chest, and six or eight pounds of chloride of lime, dissolved in twelve gallons of water, are poured in. The chest is then filled up with water, or with weak liquor, which has been previously employed in the chests.

After having been steeped in the bleaching liquid about twenty-four hours, the pulp is transferred to an iron box, in which it is carried to a Bramah press, where it undergoes a powerful pressure, which forces out as much as possible of the solution from the pulp. The pulp then undergoes another process of washing, in order entirely to remove the remains of the chloride.

The pulp is then allowed to flow into the beatingengine, which is almost entirely similar to the washingengine, except that the bars are sharper, so as to exert a cutting action on the pulp: it is reduced to fibres, about an eighth of an inch in length; and after being subjected to this action for four or five hours, the pulp, which is now called half-stuff, is allowed to flow into a large stone chest. From the chest the pulp is either ladled, or flows through a valve into a vat, which is a stone vessel, about six feet square and four deep, and through the middle of which a wheel revolves, in order to keep the pulp constantly stirred.

The sheets of paper are made in moulds, formed of wire-cloth, fixed upon a frame. The wire-cloth is supported by ribs of wood, laid about an inch asunder across the frame. Paper made in such moulds is called wove paper, because the wire is woven into a cloth; but the wires are sometimes laid side by side in one direction only, which produces laid paper.

A workman, called the vatman, has in his hand a

slight frame, called a deckle, which he places on the mould, in order to form a raised edge or border to the latter. He then dips the mould into the vat, and takes up a quantity of pulp, which has been rendered fluid by being mixed and worked up with water. After jerking off some of the superfluous pulp, he shakes the mould in a horizontal position, by which the pulp forms a thin layer, from which the water drains through the wire cloth. He then removes the deckle, and hands the mould to a workman, called the coucher, who rests it in an inclined position, to drain more completely. The coucher then places a piece of felt on a board, and turns the mould over with its face down upon the felt, by which the thin film of pulp is transferred from the mould to the felt, in a wet but slightly adhesive state. While this is being done, the vatman is moulding another sheet of pulp, which the coucher transfers as before to another piece of felt, which is placed on the last made sheet. Thus they proceed, until from four to eight quires of felts, with sheets between, are collected in one heap, called a post. A heavy plank is then placed upon the post, and the whole are removed to a press, where they undergo a powerful pressure, which forces out much of the remaining moisture.

The sheets are now sufliciently adhesive to be handled; so that a workman, called the layer, takes the felts and the sheets one by one off the post, laying the sheets in one heap, called a pack, and the felts in another. These packs are then again pressed, by which the remaining water exudes in drops. If this pressure be too long continued, the sheets adhere together, and tear one another. The sheets are then parted, and placed with their other surfaces in contact, and again pressed, in order, to remove the marks of the felt.

The sheets, being thus made, they then undergo a process of drying. Posts, about ten or twelve feet high are fixed at distances of about ten feet from one another, and have moveable pins inserted in them at different heights, to support spars of wood which extend from one post to another. Between each pair of these spars ropes are stretched about five inches asunder. The workman takes up three or four sheets of paper, on an instrument shaped like a T, and passing it up between the ropes, leaves the sheets hanging over the latter. This he does until all the ropes are filled. All these posts are situated in a room, called the drying-room, to which the admission or exclusion of air can be regulated by shutters, which open or close in the sides. The drying is left to be performed by the wind; or else steam-pipes are carried through the room.

The next operation is sizeing, except in some papers in which the size is introduced into the pulp. The size is made of pieces of skin or sheep's feet, or other glutinous substance, boiled to a jelly in a copper, strained, and a little alum added to it. The workman takes four or five quires of paper, and dips them into the size, taking care that the size shall penetrate between each two sheets; after which the sheets are moderately pressed, to expel a portion of the size, and are then separated and hung up in the dryingroom, where they are slowly dried. In some manufactories the sizing is effected by placing the paper on a frame, which is lowered into a tub, where hot size is allowed to flow upon it. The sheets are then carried to the finishing-house, in which they are again pressed, and a number of women pick out the knots which may be in them with small knives, and separate the perfect from the imperfect sheets; after which they are again pressed, and lastly counted, and folded into quires and reams,

Those papers which are called hot-pressed are placed between two sheets of pasteboard,—paper and pasteboard being placed alternately,-and a hot iron. plate being placed at about every fortieth or fiftieth pasteboard.

Such is a general outline of the mode of making paper by hand; and although improvements have been made in every part of the process, yet the above will give a general idea of the number of processes which are performed. We will now briefly describe the mode of making paper by machinery.

The pulp is prepared much in the same way in most methods, but the distinguishing characteristics are in the moulding and subsequent processes. In Fourdrinier's method, the pulp is placed in a large vat, in which are two agitators, to prevent the pulp from settling; from whence it is discharged by a sluice into a cistern, where, after being strained through a machine, to exclude knotty portions, &c., it flows upon an endless wire-cloth, which is twenty or thirty feet long, and which passes over several rollers, so that the film of pulp which streams down upon the wire-cloth travels along this extent of surface, by which it becomes tolerably equable in thickness, loses much of its moisture, and acquires a certain degree of tenacity. The wire-cloth has a shaking motion given to it during the operation, by which the separation of the water is further effected. When the pulp has arrived at the last roller on endless cloth, it passes between two rollers, and then falls on a web of felt, on which it is carried along as before, and passes with the felt between two other rollers, by which it is pressed, and is now sufficiently firm to be handled as one continuous sheet of paper.

It then passes over and between a number of cylinders which are heated from within by steam; so that after passing over about thirty linear feet of heated surface, the paper is dry. In no part of paper-making is the advantage of machinery more decided than in the rapid drying by these means. From the heated cylinder the paper is wound on a reel, surface after surface, until a great thickness is attained, which is cut into sixteen or eighteen quires by a sharp instru ment; after which they are removed to the dryingloft. By these contrivances the method of dipping a mould into the pulp, and taking out a portion of it, is entirely discarded.

Another great improver of paper-making is Mr. Dickenson. In his arrangement, a cylinder covered with wire-cloth is made to revolve over and just in contact with the prepared pulp, and to take up some of the pulp in the following manner. The pulp is made to flow through a sluice, by which its quantity may be regulated, into a vessel, against the bottom of which a brass cylinder rests. This cylinder is smooth and bright inside and out, and has a number of holes bored in its surface: on the outer surface is spread an endless web of wire-cloth. When this cylinder revolves on its central axis, a portion of the pulp adheres to the wire, on account of the cylinder dipping into the vessel in which the pulp is contained. Before this stratum or film is received on a felt, or drying-web, it is deprived of nearly all its moisture by a very peculiar process. One portion of the inside of the cylinder is enclosed into the form of a box, or chamber, which does not revolve, and which is connected with the receiver of an airpump. When the receiver is exhausted of air, the chamber becomes likewise nearly exhausted, so that when that portion of the surface of the cylinder which contains the pulp passes over this vacuum, the external air presses the pulp so closely to the wire, that all the water is driven through into the