$1,000. The city owned property free were forced to make a precipitate retreat from all encumbrance estimated in 1902 in the darkness, leaving twenty of their at $25,427,139. The net general city debt, comrades killed and forty-two wounded Jan. 1, 1904, was $3,637,938; net special on the border of the brook, which has debt, $291,276-total net debt, $3,929,214, ever since been called Bloody Run. Dalbesides a water debt of about $1,000,000. zell was slain while trying to carry off The population in 1890 was 205,876; in some of the wounded, and his scalp be1900, 285,704. came an Indian's trophy. Pontiac continued the siege of Detroit until the arrival of Colonel Bradstreet in May, 1764. Detroit was first settled by Antoine Cadillac, July 24, 1701, with fifty soldiers and fifty artisans and traders. Three years later the first white child, a daughter of Cadillac, was baptized in the place, which was called by the French "La Ville d'Etroit." The French surrendered Detroit to the English, under Maj. Robert Rodgers, Nov. 29, 1760. In January, 1774, the British Parliament included Detroit and its dependent territory with Canada, and the first civil government was instituted June 22, 1774, with GENERAL HENRY HAMILTON (q. v.) as governor. Governor Hamilton, a human tiger, delighting in blood, instigated the Indians to murder the defenceless setlers on the border. He organized an expedition in 1779 to capture Vincennes, but GENERAL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK (q. v.) attacked him on the way on March 5, The tragedy of Pontiac's War opened in Detroit. Under pretext of holding a friendly council with Major Gladwin, commander of the fort, the wily chief entered it in May, 1763, with about 300 warriors, each carrying a knife, tomahawk, and and forced him to an unconditional surshort gun under his blanket. When Pontiac should rise and present the green side of a belt, the massacre of the garrison was to begin. Gladwin was warned of the plot the day before by a friendly Indian, and the calamity was averted by the appointment of another day for the council. When the Indians retired, the gates of the fort were closed upon them, and, knowing the reason, Pontiac began a siege that lasted a year. render. Hamilton was sent to Virginia, put into irons by Thomas Jefferson, and escaped hanging only through the intercession of Washington, but was finally paroled. The British troops were allowed to return to Detroit. In 1782 Detroit had a permanent population of 2,190, of whom 178 were slaves, but the withdrawal of the British garrison and the exodus of the English settlers to found Amherstburg reduced the were of French descent. During the fortyfive years after the close of the war Detroit grew slowly, in 1828 having a the Erie Canal in 1825 sent a tide of emigration westward, and Detroit began its marvellous growth. Beginning with 2,222 inhabitants in 1830, it has on an average doubled each decade. General Amherst hastily collected a inhabitants to about 500, most of whom small body in the East for the relief of Detroit and reinforcement of Fort Niagara, and sent them under the command of Captain Dalzell, one of his aides. Dal- population of 1,517 only. The opening of zell left reinforcements at Niagara, and proceeded to Detroit with the remainder of his troops and provisions in a vessel that arrived on the evening of July 30. They succeeded in entering the fort with provisions. Pontiac had already sum- The city was the scene of disastrous moned Gladwin to surrender; now Dal- operations in the early part of the War zell proposed to make a sortie and attack of 1812-15. In August, 1812, General the besieging Indians. Gladwin thought Brock, governor of Upper Canada, with it would be imprudent, but Dalzell per- a few regulars and 300 militia, hastened sisted, and before daylight on the morn- to Amherstburg, arriving there on the ing of July 31 he sallied out with 240 night of Aug. 13, and on the following chosen men to attack the Indians, who lay morning held a conference with Tecumseh about a mile up the river. Pontiac was and 1,000 Indians, telling them he had come on the alert, and, at a small stream on to assist in driving the Americans from the northern verge of Detroit, the Eng- their rightful hunting-grounds north of the lish, furiously assailed by the Indians, Ohio. The Indians were pleased, and, at a subsequent interview with Tecumseh that if the Indians were exasperated and the other chiefs, they assured him and the fort should be taken there that the Indians would give him all would be a general massacre of the their strength in the undertaking. Then garrison and the inhabitants, and his Brock marched from Malden to Sandwich, kindness of heart and growing caution, which the Americans had deserted, and a incident to old age, made him really battery was planted opposite Detroit, timid and fearful. When Brock's prepawhich commanded the fort there. The rations for attack were completed (on the American artillerists begged permission 15th), he sent a summons to Hull for an to open fire upon it, and Captain Snelling unconditional surrender of the post. In asked the privilege of going over in the that demand was a covert threat of letnight to capture the British works. Hull ting loose the bloodthirsty Indians in would not allow any demonstrations case of resistance. Hull's whole effective against the enemy, and the latter pre- force at that time did not exceed 1,000 pared for assault without any molesta- men. The fort was thronged with tremtion. Hull was much deceived by letters bling women and children and decrepit intended to be intercepted, showing preparations for large and immediate reinforcements to Brock's army; and he had also been deceived into the belief that a large portion of the followers of the latter, who were only militia, were regulars. The militia had been dressed in scarlet uniforms, and were paraded so as to show treble their real number. Hull was hemmed in on every side; his provisions were scarce, and he saw no chance of receiving any from Ohio. He knew old men of the village and surrounding country, who had fled to it for protection from the Indians. He kept the flag that bore the summons waiting fully two hours, for his innate bravery and patriotism bade him refuse and fight, while his fear of dreadful consequences to his army and the people bade him surrender. His troops were confident in their ability to successfully confront the enemy, and he finally refused compliance with the demand. Active preparations were then made for de See CABEZA DE VACA. fence. The British opened a cannonade English after the conquest of Canada, in and bombardment from their battery, 1760. It was quadrangular in form, with which was kept up until near midnight. bastions and barracks, and covered about The firing was returned with spirit; but Hull would listen to no suggestion for the erection of a battery at Spring Wells to oppose the enemy if they should attempt to cross the river. Early on the morning of the 16th they crossed and landed unmolested; and as they moved towards the fort, in single column, Tecumseh and his Indians, 700 strong, who had crossed 2 miles below during the night, took position in the woods on their left as flankers, while the right was protected by the guns of the Queen Charlotte, in the river. They had approached to a point within 500 yards of the American line, when Hull sent a peremptory order for the soldiers to retreat within the already overcrowded fort. The infuriated soldiers reluctantly obeyed; and while the enemy were preparing to storm the fort, Hull, without consulting any of his officers, hoisted a white flag, and a capitulation for a surrender was soon agreed upon. The surrender took place at noon, Aug. 16, 1812. The fort, garrison, army, and the Territory of Michigan were included in the terms of surrender. The spoils of victory for the British were 2,500 stand of arms, twenty-five iron and eight brass pieces of ordnance, forty barrels of gunpowder, a stand of colors, a great quantity of military stores, and the armed brig John Adams. One of the brass cannon bore the following inscription: "Taken at Saratoga on the 17th of October, 1777." General Hull and his fellow-captives were sent first to Fort George and then to Montreal, where they arrived Sept. 6, when they were paroled, and returned to their homes. Hull was tried for treason and cowardice, and sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned by the President. His character has since been fully vindicated. See HULL, WILL LA M. Detroit, FORT. The old French village of Detroit contained 160 houses in 1812, and about 800 souls. It stretched along the river at a convenient distance from the water, and the present Jefferson Avenue was the principal street. On the high ground in the rear, about 250 yards from the river, stood Fort Detroit, built by the two acres of ground. The embankments De Vries, DAVID PIETERSSEN, colonist. In December, 1630, he sent out a number of emigrants from Holland who established a settlement called Swanendal, near the mouth of the Delaware River, where they began the cultivation of grain and tobacco. Two years later when De Vries arrived at the head of a second party he found that all the first settlers had been massacred by the Indians. In April, 1634, he concluded that his enterprise was un successful, and the expedition returned to in 1884 to captain; and in 1896 to comHolland. He is the author of Voyages from modore. He was appointed to command Holland to America, from 1632 till 1644. the Asiatic squadron in January, 1898, an Dewey, GEORGE, naval officer; born in assignment then considered but little Montpelier, Vt., Dec. 26, 1837; gradu- short of exile. About March of the same ated at the United States Naval Academy year, when it became evident that war in 1858; and served on the frigate Wa- would be declared between the United bash in the Mediterranean squadron until States and Spain, Commodore Dewey, actthe beginning of the Civil War, when he ing on orders from Washington, began to was assigned to the steam sloop Missis- mobilize his vessels in the harbor of sippi of the West Gulf squadron. On Hong-Kong. After the declaration of April 19, 1861, he was commissioned lieu- war he received orders to capture or detenant, and was with Admiral Farragut stroy the Spanish fleet known to be in when the latter's squadron forced the Philippine waters. It was then supposed passage of forts St. Philip and Jackson that the harbor of Manila, where the Spanin April, 1862. He also took part in the ish fleet was most likely to rendezvous, attack on Fort St. Philip and the subse- was mined with explosives and supplied quent battles with gunboats and iron- with search-lights, and that the forts of clads which gave Farragut control of New CAVITÉ (q. v.) had been put in readiness Orleans. In the smoke of the battle the for an attack. Taking all chances, the Mississippi ran aground within range of United States squadron sailed boldly into the shore batteries. When it was seen the bay on the night of April 30. Dewey's |