It is believed by those who have given

ard of the purity of goods that go into the human stomach, and, by the use of better foods, make a better citizen. "The destiny of the nations depends upon how they feed themselves."

ing powders; and yet, notwithstanding this great adulteration of food, every the matter careful attention that then we manufacturer will testify that he is per- will encourage the honest manufacturer fectly willing to stop the adulteration if and protect him from dishonest competihis competitors will stop, so that he can tion, we shall protect the consumer, who honestly compete with them. will know in each instance what he is This was especially true in the case buying; we shall, by establishing a repu of flour, and investigation in Congress tation for a high standard of food prodshowed that very dangerous and abso- ucts, increase the demand for our goods lutely insoluble substances were being all over the world, and also, what is more used to adulterate flour, and it became important to all, we shall raise the standvery well known that this fact impaired the credit of American flour in foreign countries. The adulteration became so extensive that the manufacturers who would not use adulteration appealed to Congress for protection, and the law as applied to oleomargarine and filled cheese was made applicable to mixed flour. At the present time it is believed that the mixing of flour has practically stopped in the United States. This not only assists the honest manufacturer of flour, but it protects the consumer, and at the same time gives us a reputation for manu facturing honest goods, and its influence has already been felt in our export trade to all the countries that buy our flour.

The committee on manufactures of the United States Senate has had presented to it letters that come from at least twelve or fifteen of the large cities of the world, all of the same tenor and general effect as the following:

"LONDON, October 12, 1899. "DEAR SIRS,-Replying to yours of the 16th ultimo, with regard to the pure food law now in operation in your country, since this act was passed by Congress It has certainly restored confidence on this side, and in my opinion will materially assist your export trade.

Foote, ANDREW HULL, naval officer; born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 12, 1806; entered the navy as midshipman in 1822; was flag-lieutenant of the Mediterranean

ANDREW HULL FOOTE

squadron in 1833; and in 1838, as first lieutenant of the ship John Adams, under Commodore Read, he circumnavigated the globe, and took part in an attack on the pirates of Sumatra. He was one of the first to introduce (1841) the principle of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks into the United States navy; and on the Cumberland (1843-45) he delivered, on Sundays, extemporary sermons to his crew. He successfully engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade on the coast of Africa in 1849-52. In command of the China station in 1856, when the Chinese and English were at war, Foote exerted

It is a well-known fact that our meat products have had a greater demand and better sale since the government undertook their inspection, and it is safe to say that nothing will more encourage our export trade than for the government of the United States to have some standard fixed, to which the food products of the United States must rise before they can be sold to our own people or our customers abroad.

himself to protect American property, ative in Congress in 1819-21, 1823-25, and was fired upon by the Celestials. His and 1833-34; and was United States Senademand for an apology was refused, and tor in 1827-33. He resigned his seat in he stormed and captured four Chinese Congress in his last term on being elected forts, composed of granite walls 7 feet governor of Connecticut. In 1844 he was thick and mounting 176 guns, with a loss a Presidential elector on the Clay and of forty men. The Chinese garrison of Frelinghuysen ticket. In 1829 he intro5,000 men lost 400 of their number killed duced a resolution in the Senate which was and wounded. In the summer of 1861 the occasion of the great debate between Foote was made captain, and in September Robert Young Hayne, of South Carolina, was appointed flag-officer of a flotilla of and Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. gunboats fitted out chiefly at Cairo, and The resolution, which seemed a simple afcommanded the naval expedition against fair to elicit such a notable debate, was FORTS HENRY and DONELSON (qq. v.) on as follows: the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, early in 1862, in co-operation with General Grant. In the attack on the latter he was severely wounded in the ankle by a fragment of a shell. Though suffering, he commanded the naval attack on ISLAND NUMBER TEN (q. v.). After its reduction he returned to his home at New Haven. He was promoted to rear-admiral in July, 1862; and in May, 1863, was ordered to take command of the South Atlantic squadron, but died while preparing in New York to leave for Charleston, June 26.

"Resolved, that the committee on public lands be instructed to inquire and report the quantity of the public lands remaining unsold within each State and Territory, and whether it be expedient to limit, for a certain period, the sales of the public lands to such lands only as have heretofore been offered for sale, and are now subject to entry at the minimum price. And, also, whether the office of surveyor-general, and some of the land offices, may not be abolished without detriment to the public interest; or whether it be expedient to adopt measures to hasten the sales, and extend more rapidly the surveys of the public lands." For the debate in full see HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG, and WEBSTER, DANIEL. Senator Foote died in Cheshire, Dec. 15, 1846.

Foote, WILLIAM HENRY, clergyman; born in Colchester, Conn., Dec. 20, 1794; graduated at Yale College in 1816; and became chaplain in the Confederate army. He was author of Sketches, Historical and Biographical, of the Presbyterian Church in Virginia; and Sketches in North Carolina. He died in Romney, W. Va., Nov. 18, 1869.

Foote, HENRY STUART, statesman; born in Fauquier county, Va., Sept. 20, 1800; graduated at Washington College in 1819, and admitted to the bar in 1822; removed to Mississippi in 1826, where he entered into active politics while practising his profession. In 1847 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1852 was elected governor of the State, his opponent being Jefferson Davis. Mr. Foote was a strong opponent of secession at the Southern Convention held at Knoxville, Tenn., in May, 1859, but when secession was an assured fact he accepted an election to the Confederate Congress, where he was active in his opposition to most of President Davis's measures. He wrote Texas and the Texans (2 volumes); to the bar the same year. He enlisted in The War of the Rebellion, or Scylla and Charybdis; Personal Reminiscences, etc. In his day he was a noted duellist. He died in Nashville, Tenn., May 20, 1880.

Foraker, JOSEPH BENSON, statesman; born near Rainsboro, O., July 5, 1846; graduated at Cornell in 1869 and admitted

the 89th Ohio Regiment on July 14, 1862; was made sergeant August, 1862; received the commission of first lieutenant March 14, 1864; elected governor of Ohio in 1885 Foote, SAMUEL AUGUSTUS, legislator; and 1887, and United States Senator for born in Cheshire, Conn., Nov. 8, 1780; the term 1897-1903. In 1900 he was chairgraduated at Yale College in 1797; en- man of the committee on Pacific islands gaged in mercantile business in New and Porto Rico, and a member of the Haven; was for several years a member committee on foreign relations. of the State legislature; was a Represent- Forbes, JOHN, military officer; born in

Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1710; was a physi- National Calendar, an annual volume of

national statistics, which was published from 1820 to 1836. He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 23, 1868.

Force Bill, THE. See Ku-Klux Klan. Ford, PAUL LEICESTER, author; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1865; has published The True George Washington; The Many Sided Franklin, etc.; and has edited the writings of Christopher Columbus, Thomas Jefferson, and John Dickinson; Bibliography of Works Written by and Relating to Alexander Hamilton, and Essays on the Constitution of the United States. He was killed by his brother Malcolm in New York City, May 8, 1902.

Foreign Affairs. On Sept. 18, 1775, the Continental Congress appointed Messrs. Welling, Franklin, Livingston, Alsop, Deane, Dickinson, Langdon, MeKean, and Ward a "secret committee

Force, MANNING FERGUSON, author; born in Washington, D. C., Dec. 17, 1824; graduated at Harvard in 1845; appointed major of the 20th Ohio Regiment in 1861; took part in the battles at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege at Vicksburg. He was with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and became a brevet major-general of volunteers. In 1889 he became commandant of the Ohio Soldiers' to contract for the importation from and Sailors' Home. Among his publications are From Fort Henry to Corinth; The Mound Builders; Prehistoric Man; The Vicksburg Campaign; Marching Across Carolina; etc. He died near Sandusky, O., May 8, 1899.

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Europe of ammunition, small-arms, and cannon, and for such a purpose Silas Deane was soon sent to France. By a resolution of the Congress, April 17, 1777, the name of this committee was changed to committee of foreign affairs," whose functions were like those of the present Secretary of State (see CABINET, PRESIDENT'S). Foreign intercourse was first established by law in 1790. President Washington, in his message, Jan. 8, 1790, suggested to Congress the propriety of providing for the employment and com pensation of persons for carrying on intercourse with foreign nations. The House appointed a committee, Jan. 15, to prepare a bill to that effect, which was presented on the 21st. It passed the House on March 30. The two Houses could not agree upon the provisions of the bill, and a committee of conference

Force, PETER, editor; born at Passaic Falls, N. J., Nov. 26, 1790; learned the printer's trade in New York City, and was president of the New York Typographical Society in 1812. In November, 1815, he settled in Washington, D. C., became a newspaper editor and publisher; and was mayor 1836-40. He was majorgeneral of the militia of the District of Columbia in 1860, and was president of the National Institute. In 1833 he made a contract with the United States government for the preparation and publication of a documentary history of the American colonies covering the entire period of the Revolution. He prepared was appointed; and finally the original and published 9 volumes, folio, and had bill, greatly modified, was passed, June the tenth prepared, when Congress refused to make further appropriations for the work, and it has never been brought out. He had gathered an immense collection of books, manuscripts, maps, and plans; and in 1867 his entire collection was purchased by the government for $100,000, and was transferred to the library of Congress. His great work is entitled American Archives. Mr. Force's first publication in Washington was the

25, 1790. The act fixed the salary of ministers at foreign courts at $9,000 a year, and chargés d'affaires at $4,500. To the first ministers sent to Europe the Continental Congress guaranteed the payment of their expenses, with an additional compensation for their time and trouble. These allowances had been fixed at first at $11,111 annually. After the peace the Continental Congress had reduced the salary to $9,000, in consequence of which

Franklin insisted upon his recall, the sum being insufficient. When the bill of 1790 went before the Senate that body was only willing to vote a general sum for the expenses of foreign intercourse, and to leave the compensation of the respective ministers to the discretion of the President, urging that the difference in expenses at the various courts called for discrimination in the sums allowed. To this the House would not agree, and for a while both Houses insisted upon compliance with their respective views. Hence the delay in the passage of the bill. The act also made allowance for "outfits," which had been insisted upon by Jefferson when he was appointed to succeed Franklin.

France that they were to act together in regard to American affairs. They had even gone so far as to apprise other European governments of this understanding, with the expectation that they would concur with them and follow their example, whatever it might be. Thus, at the very outset of the Civil War, these two powerful governments had entered into a combination for arraying Europe on the side of the Confederates, and giving them moral if not material aid in their efforts to destroy the republic. The proclamation of Queen Victoria, made with unseemly haste before the minister of the new administration, CHARLES F. ADAMS (q. v.), could reach England, was followed by corresponding unfriendly action in the British Parliament. And in addition to affected indifference to the fate of the American nation, British legislators, orators, publicists, and journalists were lavish of causeless abuse, not only of the government, but of the people of the free-labor States who were loyal to the government. This abuse was often expressed in phrases so unmanly and ungenerous, and even coarse and vulgar at times, that highminded Englishmen blushed for shame.

Foreign Governments and the United States. From the time when the South Carolina ordinance of secession was passed there was observed in most of the European courts an unfriendliness of spirit towards the national government and a willingness to give its enemies encouragement in their revolutionary measures. The public journals in their interest were equally unfriendly in their utterances. When, early in February, the Confederate States government was organized, Europe seemed prepared to accept the hopeless dismemberment of the republic as an accomplished fact. This belief was strengthened by the despatches of most of the foreign ministers at Washington to their respective governments, who announced, early in February, the practical dissolution of the Union; and some affected to be amazed at the folly of Congress in legislating concerning the tariff and other national measures when the nation was hopelessly expiring. The Queen of England, in her speech from the throne, expressed a heartfelt wish" that the difference that distracted our country "might be susceptible of a satisfactory adjustment." For these humane expressions she was reproved; and, finally, yielding to the importunities of her ministers, some of whom earnestly desired the downfall of the American republic, she issued (May 13, 1861) a proclamation of neutrality, by which a Confederate government, as existing, was acknowledged, and belligerent rights were accorded to the Confederates. imperial representative at Washington: Already an understanding existed between the governments of England and

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The Emperor of the French was more cautious and astute; but he followed Queen Victoria apparently in according belligerent rights to the Confederates by a decree (June 11, 1861), and, at the same time, entered into political combinations for the propagation of imperialism in North America, with a belief that the days of the great republic were numbered and its power to enforce the MONROE DOCTRINE (q. v.) had vanished. The Queen of Spain also hastened to proclaim the neutrality of her government, and to combine with France in replanting the seeds of monarchical institutions in the western hemisphere, now that the republic was apparently expiring. The King of Portugal also recognized the Confederates as belligerents.

But the more enlightened and wise monarch of Russia, who was about to strike off the shackles of almost 40,000,000 slaves in his own dominions, instructed his minister (July 29, 1861) to say to the

"In every event the American nation may count upon the most cordial sympathy on

973.

the part of our august master during the ized 1889; grand courts, 20; sub-courts, important crisis which it is passing 1,475; members, 175,569; benefits disthrough at present." The Russian Em- bursed since organization, $7,500,000; peror kept his word; and the powers of benefits disbursed last fiscal year, $907,western Europe, regarding him as a pronounced ally of the American Republic, acted with more circumspection. The attitude of foreign governments encouraged the Confederates to believe that recognition and aid would surely be furnished; and the government of England, by a negative policy, did give them all the aid and encouragement it prudently could until it was seen that the Confederate cause was hopeless, when Lord John Russell addressed the head of the Confederacy in insulting terms. That astute publicist, Count Gasparin, of France, writing in 1862, when considering the unprecedented precipitancy with which lead ing European powers recognized the Confederates as belligerents, said: "Instead of asking on which side were justice and liberty, we hastened to ask on which side were our interests; then, too, on which side were the best chances of success." He said England had a legal right to be neutral, but had no moral right to withhold her sympathies from a nation "struggling for its existence and universal justice against rebels intent on crimes against humanity."

a

Foresters, ANCIENT ORDER OF, fraternal organization founded in 1745; established in the United States in 1836. The American branch is composed of 3 high courts and 397 subordinate courts, and has 38,089 members. Total membership throughout the world 912,669, as stated by the Foresters' Directory, Dec. 31, 1899. The surplus funds of the society amounted to $33,124,695, and its assets aggregated over $76,000,000. Benefits disbursed since 1836, $111,250,000; benefits disbursed last fiscal year, $5,000,000. Foresters, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF, a fraternal organization founded in 1874; high courts, 43; subordinate courts, 4,000; members, 170,000; benefits disbursed since organization, $8,853,190; benefits disbursed last fiscal year, $1,430,200.

Forestry. For many years the cutting of valuable timber in various parts of the United States has been carried to such an extent that there has been quite a change in climatic conditions in various sections and the denudation of the virgin forests has been seriously threatened. For the purpose of checking the indiscriminate cutting of valuable timber and to provide a future supply of the principal woods required in the manufacturing industries the national government has established a bureau of forestry under the direction of the Department of Agriculture, and more recently Cornell University has been enabled to create a school of forestry for the promotion of the science of forest culture. The Cornell school has had placed at its disposal for study large tracts of forest-land belonging to the State of New York and to private individuals. As a means of educating the rising generation into a love for tree preservation, almost every State in the country now has its ARBOR DAY (q. v.), one day set apart in each year for the planting of young trees and for class-room instruction in the value of tree culture. In 1901 official reports showed that the standing timber in the United States covered an area of 1,094,496 square miles, and contained a supply of 2,300,000,000,000 feet. Timber was then being cut at the rate of 40,000,000,000 feet a year, and it was estimated that if that average was continued the supply would be exhausted in about sixty years.

Forney, JOHN WEISS, journalist; born in Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 30, 1817; purchased the Lancaster Intelligencer in 1837 and three years later the Journal, which papers he amalgamated under the name of the Intelligencer and Journal. He subsequently became part owner of the Pennsylvania and Washington Union. He was clerk of the national House of Representatives in 1851-55; started the Press, an Foresters of America, a fraternal independent Democratic journal, in Philaorganization, not in affiliation with the delphia, in 1857, and upon his re-election above, with jurisdiction limited to the as clerk of the House of Representatives in United States. Founded 1864, reorgan- 1859 he started the Sunday Morning