Chronicle in Washington. Among his publications are Anecdotes of Public Men (2 volumes); Forty Years of American Journalism; A Centennial Commissioner in Europe, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 9, 1881.

tervals till 1871, when ill-health compelled him to retire permanently. He was a man of literary culture and accumu lated a large library rich in Shakespeariana, which was destroyed by fire on Jan. 15, 1873. He left his Philadelphia home and a considerable portion of his large fortune for the establishment of an asylum for aged and indigent actors. He died in Philadelphia, Dec. 12, 1872.

Forrest, EDWIN, actor; born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 9, 1806. While still a boy he began performing female and juvenile parts, being especially remembered as Young Norval in Home's play of Douglas. His first appearance on the Forrest, NATHAN BEDFORD, military professional stage was on Nov. 27, 1820, officer; born in Bedford county, Tenn., at the Walnut Street Theatre, Philadel- July 13, 1821; joined the Tennessee phia, in the title rôle of Douglas. Af- Mounted Rifles in June, 1861; and, in ter a long professional tour in the West, July following, raised and equipped a during which he undertook several Shake- regiment of cavalry. By 1863 he had bespearian characters, he filled engagements come a famous Confederate chief; and in Albany and Philadelphia, and then ap- early in 1864 the sphere of his duties was peared as Othello at the Park Theatre, enlarged, and their importance increased. New York, in 1826. He met with remark. He was acknowledged to be the most able success, owing to his superb form and skilful and daring Confederate leader in presence and his natural genius. Not be- the West. He made an extensive raid in ing satisfied with merely local fame, he Tennessee and Kentucky, with about 5,000 played in all the large cities in the Unit- mounted men, in March and April, 1864. ed States. His chief characters were He had been skirmishing with Gen. W. Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet, Richard III., S. Smith in northern Mississippi, and, Metamora and Spartacus, the last of sweeping rapidly across the Tennessee which he made exceedingly effective by

his immense energy. In 1835 he went to England and the Continent, and played with much acceptance, making many warm friends, among them WILLIAM C. MACREADY (q. v.). In 1837 he again visited Europe and while there married Catharine, a daughter of John Sinclair, the widely known ballad-singer. After 1845 Mr. Forrest spent two more years in England, during which his friendship with Mr. Macready was broken. He had acted with great success in Virginius and other parts, but when he attempted to personate Macbeth he was hissed by the audience. This hissing was attributed to professional jealousy on the part of Macready. A few weeks after, when Macready appeared as Hamlet in Edinburgh, Forrest hissed him from a box in which he stood. On May 10, 1849, when Macready appeared River into western Tennessee, rested a as Macbeth in the Astor Place Theatre, in while at Jackson, and then (March 23) New York, the friends of Forrest inter- pushed on towards Kentucky. A part of rupted the performance. The result was his force captured Union City the next the Astor Place riot, in which twenty-two day, with the National garrison of 450 men were killed and thirty-six wounded. men. Forrest then pushed on to Paducah, In 1858 Mr. Forrest announced his retire- on the Ohio River, with 3,000 men, and ment from the stage, but appeared at in- demanded the surrender of Fort Anderson

NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST.

there, in which the little garrison of 700 nessee River, near Waterloo (Sept. 25, men, under Colonel Hicks, had taken 1864), with a force of light cavalry, about refuge. It was refused; and, after assail- 7,000 strong, and invested Athens. The ing the works furiously, and plundering post was surrendered about half an hour and burning the town until midnight, he before sufficient reinforcements arrived ceased the assault. Hearing of reinforce- to hold it. These, with the garrison, after ments for Hicks approaching, he retreated a sharp conflict, became prisoners. For(March 27), with a loss of 300 men killed rest then pushed on northward to Pulaski, and wounded. The National loss was in Tennessee, destroying the railway; but sixty killed and wounded. Forrest was General Rousseau, at Pulaski, repulsed chagrined by this failure, and proceeded Forrest after brisk skirmishing several to attack Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, hours, when the raider made eastward, which he captured in April. Hearing of and struck the railway between Tullathe march of General Sturgis from Mem- homa and Decherd. He was confronted phis to intercept him, Forrest escaped and menaced by National forces under from Tennessee into Mississippi. A few Rousseau, Steedman, and Morgan, and weeks later, troops sent out from withdrew before he had done much Memphis to hunt up and capture him damage. At Fayetteville he divided his were defeated by him in a severe engage- forces, giving 4,000 to Buford, his second ment at Gun Town (June 10), on the Mobile and Ohio Railway, and were driven back with great loss. On the 14th he was defeated near Tupelo, Miss. Not long afterwards, when Smith was in Mississippi with 10,000 men, the bold raider flanked him, and dashed into Memphis in broad daylight, at the head of 3,000 cavalry, in search of National officers, and escaped again into Mississippi. He died in Memphis, Tenn., Oct. 29, 1877.

His invasion of Tennessee, in 1864, was a remarkable performance. For several weeks he had been in northern Alabama, to prevent troops from the Mississippi joining Sherman. He crossed the Ten

in command. Buford attacked Athens (Oct. 2-3), which General Granger had regarrisoned with the 73d Indiana Regiment, and was repulsed. Forrest had pushed on to Columbia, on the Duck River, with 3,000 men, but did not attack, for he met Rousseau, with 4,000 men, coming down from Nashville. At the same time, Gen. C. C. Washburne was moving up the Tennessee on steamers, with 4,000 troops, 3,000 of them cavalry, to assist in capturing the invaders. Several other leaders of the National troops, under the command of General Thomas, who had then arrived at Nashville, joined in the hunt for Forrest. He saw his peril,

and, paroling his prisoners (1,000), he destroyed 5 miles of the railway south from the Duck River, and escaped over the Tennessee (Oct. 6), at Bainbridge, with very little loss.

Forsyth, JAMES W., military officer; born in Ohio in 1835; graduated at West Point in 1856; promoted first lieutenant in 1861 and brigadier-general in 1865. He served in the Maryland, Richmond, and Shenandoah campaigns. He wrote Report of an Expedition up the Yellowstone River in 1875.

Fort Washington. See CINCINNATI. Fortifications. When the question of taking measures for the defence of the colonies was proposed in Congress, a discussion arose that was long and earnest, for many members yet hoped for reconciliation. On the very day that a British reinforcement at Boston, with Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, entered that harbor, Duane, of New York, moved, in the committee of the whole, the opening a negotiation, in order to accommodate the unhappy disputes existing between Great Forsyth, JOHN, diplomatist; born in Britain and the colonies, and that this be Fredericksburg, Va., Oct. 22, 1780; grad- made a part of the petition to the King. uated at the College of New Jersey in But more determined spirits prevailed, 1799. His parents removed to Georgia and a compromise was reached late in May when he was quite young, and there he (25th), when directions were given to studied law, and was admitted to its prac- the Provincial Congress at New York to tice about 1801. He was attorney-gen- preserve the communications between that eral of the State in 1808; member of Con- city and the country by fortifying posts gress from 1813 to 1818, and from 1823 at the upper end of Manhattan Island, to 1827; United States Senator, and near King's Bridge, and on each side of governor of Georgia from 1827 to 1829. the Hudson River, on the Highlands. Mr. Forsyth was United States min- They were also directed to establish a ister to Spain in 1819-22, and negotiated the treaty that gave Florida to the United States. He opposed NULLIFICATION (q. v.) in South Carolina, favored Clay's compromise act of 1833, and was United States Secretary of State from 1835 till his death, which occurred Oct. 21, 1841.

Forsyth, JOHN, clergyman; born in Newburg, N. Y., in 1810; graduated at Rutgers in 1829; studied theology in Edinburgh University; ordained in 1834; Professor of Biblical Literature in Newburg, 1836; of Latin in Princeton in 1847-53; later again in Newburg, and occupied the Chair of English Literature in Rutgers in 1860-63.

fort at Lake George and sustain the position at Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, which the "GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS" (q. v.) and others had seized a fortnight before.

The first bill for the fortification of American harbors was reported in Congress, March 4, 1794, by a committee of one from each State, while the bill for the construction of a navy was under consideration. The act authorized the President to commence fortifications at Portland, Portsmouth, Gloucester, Salem, Boston, Newport, New London, New York, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore, Alexandria, Norfolk, Ocracoke Inlet, Cape Fear River, Georgetown, Charleston, Savannah, and St. Mary's. Annapolis was added by a subsequent act. For this purpose only $136,000 were appropriated. The President was authorized to purchase 200 cannon for the armament of the new Fort-FORTS. Special articles will be fortifications, and to provide 150 extra found on the various forts under their gun-carriages, with 250 tons of cannon respective names. For instance: FORT balls, for which purpose $96,000 were CLINTON, see CLINTON; FORT SUMTER, see appropriated. Another act appropriated SUMTER, etc. $81,000 for the establishment of arsenals

From 1871 to 1881 he was chaplain of West Point. Among his works are Lives of the Early Governors of New York; and History of the Public Schools of Newburg. He died in Newburg, Oct. 17, 1886.

Fort Leavenworth War College. See and armories in addition to those at LEAVENWORTH, FORT.

Fort Montgomery.

FORT.

Springfield and Carlisle, and $340,000 for See CLINTON, the purchase of arms and stores. The exportation of arms was prohibited for

one year, and all arms imported during the next two years were to come in free of duty.

bar of Pennsylvania in 1806; elected to Congress in 1822; appointed first comptroller of the United States Treasury in 1841; Secretary of the United States Treasury in 1841; elected judge of the district court of Alleghany county, Pa., in 1851. He died in Pittsburg, Nov. 24, 1852.

In recent years the national government has been giving a larger degree of attention to the question of coast defences, and a board of ordnance and fortification has in charge the erection of new works, the strengthening of old ones, and the Forwood, WILLIAM STUMP, physician; provision of the most approved ordnance born in Harford county, Md., Jan. 27, for the protection of the principal coast 1830; graduated at the University of cities of the country. The plans under Pennsylvania in 1854; began the practice which the board has been working will of medicine in Darlington, Md. He was require many years' time, even with un- the author of The History of the Passage usually liberal appropriations by Con- of General Lafayette with his Army gress, to complete. After the United through Harford County in 1781; The States declared war against Spain in 1898 History of Harford County; and An Hisone of the first works of importance was torical and Descriptive Narrative of the the preparation of the principal harbors Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. of the Atlantic coast to be able to successfully resist any hostile naval attacks. For the adequate defence of the coast not only were the existing fortifications at once put on a war footing and supplied with the latest style of ordnance, but the harbors of the cities that were likely to invite attack were reinforced by the most complete system of mines and torpedoes. In this work the navy also bore an important share, as the exceptionally swift cruisers Columbia and Minneapolis were kept constantly patrolling at sea for many weeks, while a special fleet of smaller vessels aided them in keeping watch nearer shore for the two Spanish fleets that were expected to menace the coast from Maine to Florida. Similar precautions were taken also at San Francisco. For a list of the forts of the United States see MILITARY POSTS.

Forts Clinton and Montgomery. See CLINTON, FORT.

Forty, FORT, a protective work erected by the Connecticut settlers in Wyoming Valley, Pa., in 1769. It was the rendezvous of the Americans when the valley was invaded by Tories and Indians on June 3, 1778, and was surrendered on the following day. See WYOMING, MASSACRE

OF.

Foster, CHARLES, financier; born in Seneca county, O., April 12, 1828; was first elected to Congress as a Republican in 1870; elected governor of Ohio in 1879 and 1881; was appointed Secretary of the United States Treasury in February, 1891. He was concerned in a number of financial enterprises in which he acquired a large fortune, but in 1893 was obliged to make an assignment of his vast interests for the benefit of his creditors. He died in Springfield, O., Jan. 9, 1904.

Foster, JOHN GRAY, military officer; born in Whitefield, N. H., May 27, 1823; graduated at West Point in 1846, entering the engineer corps. He served in the war with Mexico and was brevetted captain for meritorious services. For two years (1855-57) he was Professor of Engineering at West Point; promoted to captain in July, 1860; major in March, 1863; and lieutenant-colonel in 1867. He was one of the garrison of Fort Sumter during the siege, and was made brigadiergeneral of volunteers in October, 1861. He took a leading part in the capture of Roanoke Island, early in 1862, and of Newbern, N. C.; was promoted to majorgeneral of volunteers, and became commander of the Department of North Carolina, and defended that region with skill.

"Forty-five." See "NINETY-TWO AND In July, 1863, he was made commander of FORTY-FIVE."

Forward, WALTER, statesman; born in Connecticut in 1786; removed to Pittsburg, where he was editor of the Tree of Liberty, a Democratic paper; admitted to the

the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, with his headquarters at Fort Monroe. He was afterwards in command of the Department of Ohio, of which he was relieved on account of wounds in

January, 1864. He afterwards commanded for governor in 1892 and was elected; and the Departments of South Carolina and was re-elected in 1896. In 1900 he was Florida. He was brevetted major-general unanimously elected to the United States in the regular army for services during Senate as a Democrat. the Civil War in 1865. He died in Nashua, N. H., Sept. 2, 1874.

Foster, ROGER, lawyer; born in Worcester, Mass., in 1857; was graduated at Yale College in 1878, and at the law school of Columbia University in 1880; and admitted to the New York bar in the same year. Among his publications are A Treatise on the Federal Judiciary Acts of 1875 and 1887; A Treatise on Federal Practice; Commentaries on the Constitution; A Treatise on the Income Tax of 1894; etc.

Foster, WILLIAM EATON, historian; born in Brattleboro, Vt., June 2, 1851; became librarian of Providence Public Library. He is the author of The Literature of the Civil Service Reform Movement; Town Government in Rhode Island; Stephen Hopkins, a Rhode Island Statesman; etc.

Foster, JOHN WATSON, diplomatist; born in Pike county, Ind., March 2, 1836; graduated at the Indiana State University in 1855; studied at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in Evansville, Ind. During the Civil War he served in the Union army, reaching the rank of colonel of volunteers. After the war he was in turn editor of the Evansville Daily Journal and postmaster of that city in 1869-73. He was minister to Mexico in 1873-80, and to Russia in 1880-81. On his return to the United States he engaged in the practice of international law in Washington, representing foreign legations before arbitration boards, commissions, etc. In 1883-85 he was minister to Spain; and in 1891 was a special commis- Fouchet, JEAN ANTOINE JOSEPH, sioner to negotiate reciprocity treaties BARON, diplomatist; born in St. Quentin, with Spain, Germany, Brazil, and the France, in 1763; was a law student at West Indies. He was appointed United Paris when the Revolution broke out, and States Secretary of State in 1892 and published a pamphlet in defence of its served till 1893, when he became the agent principles. Soon afterwards he was apfor the United States before the Bering pointed a member of the executive council Sea arbitration tribunal at Paris. In of the revolutionary government, and was 1895, on the invitation of the Emperor of French ambassador to the United States China, he participated in the peace nego- in 1794-95. Here his behavior was less tiations with Japan; in 1897 he was a offensive than that of Citizen Genet, special United States commissioner to but it was not satisfactory, and he was Great Britain and Russia, and in 1898 succeeded by Adet, a more prudent man. was a member of the ANGLO-AMERICAN After he left the United States, the French COMMISSION (q. v.). He is the author of Directory appointed him a commissioner A Century of American Diplomacy, a to Santo Domingo, which he declined. brief review of the foreign relations of Under Bonaparte he was prefect of Var, the United States from 1776 to 1876. See and in 1805 he was the same of Ain. He BERING SEA ARBITRATION. remained in Italy until the French evacuated it in 1814. On Napoleon's return from Elba Fouchet was made prefect of the Gironde. The date of his death is not known.

Foster, MURPHY JAMES, lawyer; born in Franklin, La., Jan. 12, 1849; was graduated at Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn., in 1870, and at the law school of Tulane University, New Orleans, Founders and Patriots of America, in 1871; and practised in his native town. ORDER OF, a patriotic organization incorHe was elected a member of the State porated March 18, 1896. The object of Senate in 1879, was returned for three the order is "to bring together and associconsecutive terms of four years each, and ate congenial men whose ancestors was president pro tem. in 1880-90. He struggled together for life and liberty, was the leader in the long and successful home and happiness, in the land when it fight against the Louisiana Lottery Com- was a new and unknown country, and pany, while in the State Senate; was whose line of descent from them comes nominated by the Anti-lottery Convention through patriots who sustained the colo