goes, yet faith was not exhausted, and Frobisher sailed in May, 1578, with fifteen ships in search of the precious metal. Storms dispersed the fleet. Some turned back, two of them went to the bottom of the sea, and three or four of them returned laden with the worthless stones. Frobisher had won the honor of a discoverer, and as the first European who penetrated towards the Arctic Circle to the 63d degree. For these exploits, and for services in fighting the Spanish Armada, he was knighted by Elizabeth, and in 1590-92 he commanded a squadron sent against the Spaniards. In 1594 he was sent with two ships to help Henry IV. of France, and in a battle at Brest (Nov. 7) he was mortally wounded.

in

Froebel, JULIUS, author; born Griesheim, Germany, July 16, 1805; educated in his native country. He came to the United States in middle life and was naturalized; lectured in New York, and in 1850 went to Nicaragua, Chihuahua, and Santa Fé as a correspondent of the New York Tribune. In 1857 he returned to Germany. He was the author of Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States; The Republican, etc. He died in Zurich, Nov. 6, 1893.

by Frontenac in 1673 at the foot of Lake Ontario, at the present Kingston. After the repulse of the English at Ticonderoga (July 8, 1758), Col. John Bradstreet urged Abercrombie to send an expedition against this fort. He detached 3,000 men for the purpose, and gave Colonel Bradstreet command of the expedition. He went by the way of Oswego, and crossed the lake in bateaux, having with him 300 bateau-men. His troops were chiefly provincials, and were furnished with eight pieces of cannon and two mortars. They landed within a mile of the fort on the evening of Aug. 25, constructed batteries, and opened them upon the fort at short range two days afterwards Finding the works untenable, the garrison surrendered (Aug. 27) without much resistance. The Indians having previously deserted, there were only 110 prisoners. The spoils were sixty cannon, sixteen mortars, a large quantity of small arms, provisions and military stores, and nine armed vessels. On his return, Bradstreet assisted in building Fort Stanwix, in the Mohawk Valley, on the site of Rome, Oneida county.

Frontenac, LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE, colonial governor; born in France in 1620; was made a colonel at seventeen years of Frontenac, FORT, a fortification built age, and was an eminent lieutenant-gen

Frost, CHARLES, pioneer; born in Tiverton, England, in 1632; came with his father to America, who settled on the Piscataqua River in 1636. Frost was a member of the general court from 1658 to 1659, and a councillor from 1693 to 1697. He was accused by the Indians of having seized some of their race for the purpose of enslavement and was killed in 1697.

Frost, JOHN, author; born in Kennebunk, Me., Jan. 26, 1800; graduated at Harvard in 1822; was the author of History of the World; Pictorial History of the United States; Book of the Army; Book of the Navy, etc. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 28, 1859.

eral at twenty-nine, covered with decora- tle in which he was severely wounded, tions and scars. Selected by Marshal when 700 of his men, with a section of Turenne to lead troops sent for the relief rifled 10-pounders and his whole supply of Canada, he was made governor of that train, fell into the hands of the Conprovince in 1672, and built Fort Frontenac federates. (now Kingston), at the foot of Lake Ontario, in 1673. He was recalled in 1682, but was reappointed in 1689, when the French dominions in America were on the brink of ruin. With great energy he carried on war against the English in New York and New England, and their allies, the Iroquois. Early in 1696 an expedition which he sent towards Albany desolated Schenectady; and the same year he successfully resisted a land and naval force sent against Canada. He was in Montreal when an Indian runner told him of the approach to the St. Lawrence of Colonel Schuyler (see KING WILLIAM'S WAR). Frontenac, then seventy years of age, called out his Indian allies, and, taking a tomahawk in his hand, he danced the wardance, and chanted the war-song in their presence and then led them successfully against the foe. He afterwards repulsed Phipps at Quebec, having been informed of his expedition by an Indian runner from Pemaquid. So important was that repulse considered that King Louis caused a medal to be struck with the legend, "France victorious in the New World." This success was followed by an expedition sent by Frontenac against the Mohawks in 1696; and he led forces in person against the Onondagas the same year. Frontenac was the terror of the Iroquois, for his courage and activity were wonderful. He restored the fallen fortunes of France in America, and died soon afterwards, in Quebec, Nov. 28, 1698.

Frost, JOHN, soldier; born in Kittery, Me., May 5, 1738; was a captain of colonial troops in the Canadian campaign of 1759, and lieutenant-colonel at the siege of Boston in 1775. In 1776 he was promoted to colonel and served under General Gates until Burgoyne's surrender, when he was ordered to Washington's army and participated in the battle of Monmouth and other engagements. After the close of the war he was appointed judge of the court of sessions for York county, Me. He died in Kittery, Me., in July, 1810.

Frothingham, RICHARD, historian; born in Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 31, 1812; was proprietor of the Boston Post, and was several times elected to the legislature; mayor of Charlestown in 1851-53. Among his publications are History of Charlestown; History of the Siege of Boston; The Command in the Battle of Bunker Hill; Life of Joseph Warren; Rise of the Republic, etc. He died in Charlestown, Mass., Jan. 29, 1880.

Fry, JAMES BARNET, military officer; born in Carrollton, Green co., Ill., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at the United States

Front Royal, BATTLE AT. On May 23, 1862, General Ewell fell with crushing force, almost without warning, upon the little garrison of 1,000 men, under Colonel Kenly, at Front Royal. Kenly was charged with the protection of the roads and bridges between Front Royal and Strasburg. His troops were chiefly New Military Academy in 1847. After servYorkers and Pennsylvanians. Kenly made a gallant defence, but was driven from the town. He made another stand, but was pushed across the Shenandoah. He attempted to burn the bridge behind him, but failed, when Ewell's cavalry in pursuit overtook him. Kenly again gave bat

ing as assistant instructor of artillery at West Point, he was assigned to the 3d Artillery, then in Mexico, where he remained till the close of the war. After doing frontier duty at various posts, he was again instructor at West Point in 1853-54, and adjutant there in 1854-59.

pirate in Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 7, 1873. See FILIBUSTER.

with the command of an expedition against the French on the head-waters of the Ohio. He died at a place at the mouth of Will's Creek (now Cumberland), Md., while conducting the expedition, May 31, 1754. He had been colonel of the militia (1750) and a member of the governor's council. When Frye died, the command of the expedition to the Ohio was assumed by George Washington, who had been second in command.

On March 16, 1861, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general, and later in the same year became chief of staff to Gen. Fry, JOSHUA, military officer; born in Irwin McDowell. In 1861-62 he was on Somersetshire, England; educated at Oxthe staff of Gen. Don Carlos Buell. He ford, and was professor of mathematics was appointed provost-marshal-general of in the College of William and Mary, in the United States, March 17, 1863, and Virginia. He served in public civil life was given the rank of brigadier-general, in Virginia, and in 1754 was intrusted April 21, 1864. General Fry registered 1,120,621 recruits, arrested 76,562 deserters, collected $26,366,316, and made an exact enrolment of the National forces. He was brevetted major-general in the regular army, March 13, 1865, for "faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services." After the war he served as adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of the divisions of the Pacific, the South, the Missouri, and the Atlantic, till 1881, when he was retired from active service Frye, JAMES, military officer; born in at his own request. He was the author Andover, Mass., in 1709; served in several of Final Report of the Operations of the local offices, and in the army at the captBureau of the Provost-Marshal-General in ure of Louisburg in 1755. At the opening 1863-66; Sketch of the Adjutant-General's of the Revolution he commanded the Essex Department of the United States Army Regiment (Massachusetts), taking an acfrom 1775 to 1875; History and Legal tive part in the battle of Bunker Hill. Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great He afterwards commanded a brigade of Britain and the United States, from their the army investing Boston. He died Jan. origin in 1692 to the Present Time; Army 8, 1776. Sacrifices; McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run; Operations of the Army under Buell; and New York and Conscription. He died in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.

Fry, JOSEPH, military officer; born in Andover, Mass., in April, 1711; was an ensign in the army that captured Louisburg in 1745, and a colonel in the British army at the capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm in 1757. He escaped and reached Fort Edward. In 1775 Congress appointed him brigadier-general, but in the spring of 1776 he resigned on account of infirmity. He died in Fryeburg, Me., in 1794.

Frye, WILLIAM PIERCE, lawyer; born

Fry, JOSEPH, naval officer; born in Louisiana, about 1828; joined the navy in 1841; was promoted lieutenant in September, 1855; resigned when Louisiana seceded; was unable to secure a command in the Confederate navy, but was commissioned an officer in the army. In 1873 he became captain of the Virginius, known as a Cuban war steamer. His ship was in Lewiston, Me., Sept. 12, 1831; graducaptured by a Spanish war vessel, and he, ated at Bowdoin College in 1850; and with many of his crew, was shot as a became a lawyer. He served as a mem

WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE.

ber of the Maine legislature in 1861- magistrate, on being satisfied that the
62 and in 1867; was mayor of Lewiston
in 1866-67; attorney-general of Maine in
1867-69; Representative in Congress in
1871-81; and was elected to the United
States Senate in 1881, 1883, 1888, 1895,
and 1900. For a number of years he was
chairman of the Senate committee on
commerce. In 1898 he was appointed one
of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty
with Spain, under the terms of the pro-
tocol, and afterwards ably defended the
treaty in committee and on the floor of
the Senate. In recognition of his ser-
vices in behalf of peace the legislature of
Maine set apart a day for him to become
a guest of the State.

charges against the fugitive were true,
should give a certificate to that effect,
which was a sufficient warrant for re-
manding the person seized back to sla-
very. Any person in any way obstructing
such seizure or removal, or harboring or
concealing such fugitive, was liable to a
penalty of $500. For some time the law
attracted very little attention, but finally
this summary violation of the right of
personal liberty without a trial by jury,
or any appeal on points of law, was de-
nounced as dangerous and unconstitu-
tional; and most of the free-labor States
passed acts forbidding their magistrates,
under severe penalties, to take any part
in carrying this law into effect. It be-
came a dead letter until revived in 1850.

The domestic slave-trade increased the
liability of free persons of color being
kidnapped, under the provisions of the
fugitive slave act of 1793. A petition
was presented to Congress in 1818 from

Fryer, JOHN, Orientalist; born in
Hythe, England, Aug. 6, 1839; grad-
uated at Highbury College in 1860; Pro-
fessor in Alfred University, Hong-Kong,
in 1861; Professor of English Literature
in T'ung-Wen College, Peking, in 1863–65;
for many years connected with the Chi-
nese government in an official capacity the yearly meeting of Friends at Balti-
for the purpose of translating modern
scientific books into Chinese. Professor
Fryer has published a large number of
books, essays, and reports in the Chinese
language, and was appointed Professor of
Oriental Languages and Literature in the
University of California in 1896. In 1902
the Chinese government appointed him
president of the Wuchang University. He
published a full account of the Buddhist
missions in America, under the title The
Buddhist Discovery of America 1,000
Years before Columbus. See HUI SHEN.

more, praying for further provisions for
protecting free persons of color. This had
followed a bill brought in by a committee
at the instigation of Pindall, a member
from Virginia, for giving new stringency
to the fugitive slave act. While this
bill was pending, a member from Rhode
Island (Burritt) moved to instruct the
committee on the Quaker memorial to in-
quire into the expediency of additional pro-
visions for the suppression of the foreign
slave-trade. Pindall's bill was warmly
opposed by members from the free-labor
States as going entirely beyond the con-
stitutional provision on the subject of
fugitives from labor. They contended that
the personal rights of one class of citizens
were not to be trampled upon to secure
the rights of property of other citizens.
The bill was supported by the Southern
members and a few Northern ones; also
by Speaker Henry Clay; and it passed
Fugitive Slave Laws. In 1793 an act the House of Representatives by a vote
was passed by Congress for the rendition of 84 to 69. Among the yeas were ten
of fugitive slaves. It provided that the from New York, five from Massachusetts,
owner of the slave, or "servant," as it was four from Pennsylvania, and one from
termed in the act, his agent or attorney, New Jersey. It passed the Senate, after
might seize the fugitive and carry him several important amendments, by a vote
before any United States judge, or before of 17 to 13. Meanwhile some of its North-
any magistrate of the city, town, or coun- ern supporters seem to have been alarmed
ty in which the arrest was made; such by thunders of indignation from their con-

Fteley, ALPHONSE, engineer; born in
France in 1837; came to the United States
in 1865; was appointed chief engineer
of the Aqueduct Commission of New York
in 1888. He was identified with the con-
struction of many engineering projects,
including the Croton Aqueduct, the tunnel
under the East River, New York, etc. He
died in Yonkers, June 11, 1903.

stituents, and when it reached the House
it was laid on the table, and was there al-
lowed to die.

66

of the right to defence allowed to the
vilest criminal, be carried away into
hopeless slavery, beyond the reach of pity,
mercy, or law. This perception of pos-
sible wrong that would follow the execu
tion of the fugitive slave law caused
several free-labor States to pass laws for
protecting their colored population. See
PERSONAL LIBERTY LAWS; SLAVERY.

Fuller, MELVILLE WESTON, jurist; born
in Augusta, Me., Feb. 11, 1833; grad-
uated at Bowdoin College, in 1853; be-
came a lawyer in his native city; and
afterwards removed to Chicago,

One of the acts contemplated by Mr.
Clay's " OMNIBUS BILL" (q. v.) was for
the rendition of fugitive slaves to their
owners, under the provision of clause 3,
section 2, article 4, of the national Con-
stitution. In September, 1850, a bill to
that effect was passed, and became a
law by the signature of President Fill
more. The bill was drawn up by Senator
James M. Mason, of Virginia, and in
some of its features was made very offen- soon
sive to the sentiments and feelings of the
people of the free-labor States. It pro-
Ivided that the master of a fugitive slave,
or his agent, might go into any State or
Territory of the republic, and, with or
without legal warrant there obtained,
seize such fugitive, and take him forth-
with before any judge or commissioner,
whose duty it should be to hear and de-
termine the case. On satisfactory proof
being furnished the judge or commis-
sioner, such as the affidavit, in writing,
or other acceptable testimony, by the
pursuing owner or agent, that the ar-
rested person owes labor to the party
that arrested him, or his principal, it was
made the duty of such judge or commis-
sioner to use the power of his office to
assist the claimant to take the fugitive
back into bondage. It was further pro-
vided that in no hearing or trial under the
act should the testimony of such alleged
fugitive be admitted in evidence; and
that the parties claiming the fugitive
should not be molested in their work of
carrying the person back "by any process
issued by any court, judge, or magistrate,
or any person whomsoever "; and any citi- Fuller, SARAH MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
zen might be compelled to assist in the D'OSSOLI, author; born in Cambridge,
capture and rendition of a slave. This Mass., May 23, 1810; at the age of seven-
last clause of the act was so offensive to teen read French, Italian, Spanish, and
every sentiment of humanity and justice, German fluently; became a teacher in Bos-
so repugnant to the feelings of the people ton in 1835; and, two years later, in Provi-
of the free-labor States, and so contrary dence, R. I. She formed classes for young
to the Anglo-Saxon principle of fair-play, ladies in Boston for training in conversa-
that, while the habitual respect for law tion, and the next year (1840) became
by the American people caused a general editor of the Dial, the organ of the
acquiescence in the requirements of the TRANSCENDENTALISTS (q. v.), to which she
fugitive slave law, there was rebellion contributed articles on the social condi-
against it in every Christian heart. It tion of women. In 1844 she became
seen that free negroes might, by literary editor of the New York Tribune.
the perjury of kidnappers and the denial Miss Fuller travelled in Europe, and,

was

MELVILLE WESTON FULLER.

where he built up an important practice.
He was a member of the legislature, and a
delegate to several Democratic national
conventions. In 1888 he was appointed
by President Cleveland chief - justice of
the Supreme Court of the United States.