HASE; a modification of the scrofula, which commonly appears after the age of nine months and before that of two years, attacking principally the bones. The discase is known by a large head, prominent forehead, projecting breast bone, flattened ribs, big belly, and emaciated limbs, with great debility. The bones and spine of the back are variously distorted. Nature frequently restores the general health, and leaves the limbs distorted. In the treatment of rickets, besides attention to the regimen, those means are employed by which the system is invigorated. Tonic medicines, the cold bath, &c., are beneficial. The child should be kept clean and dry, regularly exercised, and allowed to enjoy pure air. The food should be nutritious, and easy of digestion. The rickets sometimes manifests itself in adults, and often proves fatal in a short time.

RICOCHET. (Sce Range.)

RIDGE ROAD, OF ALLUVIAL WAY; a remarkable ridge along the south shore of lake Ontario, in New York. It extends from Rochester on the Genesce, to Lewiston on the river Niagara, eighty-seven miles. It is composed of common beach sand and gravel stones worn smooth, and these are intermixed with small shells. Its general width is from four to eight rods, and it is raised in the middle with a handsome crowning arch, from six to ten feet. Its general surface preserves a very uniform level, being raised to meet the unevenness of the ground which it covers. At the rivers Genesee and Niagara, its elevation is about 120 or 130 feet; and this is its elevation above lake Ontario, from which it is distant from six to ten miles. There is a regular and gradual descent from the road to the lake. There seems to be no way of accounting for this ridge, without supposing that the surface of lake Ontario was 130 feet higher at some former period than it is at present; and, if this be admitted, we are led to inquire whether Erie and Ontario did not constitute one lake. But it is replied, that there is a similar ridge on the south side of lake Erie, for 120 miles. The ridge road of New York is one of the best roads in the state. (See New York.)

RIDING. (See Horsemanship, and Manege.)

RIDING AT ANCHOR. (See Anchor.) RIDINGS (Corrupted from trithing); the three jurisdictions into which the county of Yorkshire, in England, is divided, on account of its extent. They are called the North, East and West Ridings.

RIDLEY, Nicholas, bishop of London in the reigns of Edward VI and his successor Mary, was born about the commencement of the sixteenth century, and educated at Cambridge. He travelled on the continent, and, during a three years' absence from his native country, became acquainted with several of the early reformers, whose doctrines he afterwards warmly espoused. Returning to Cambridge, he filled the office of proctor to the university, and as such protested against the claims of the papal see to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. He was also chosen public orator, and, through the patronage of archbishop Cranmer (q. v.), became one of the king's chaplains; and, in the second year of Edward VI, he was elevated to the see of Rochester. Three years after, on the deprivation of Bonner, Ridley was made bishop of London, and distinguished himself by his tempered zeal in favor of the Protestant church, and especially by his liberality and kindness towards the family of his predecessor. On the death of Edward, a dread of the succession of a Roman Catholic sovereign induced him to listen to those who made an attempt to secure the Protestant ascendency, by placing the lady Jane Grey upon the throne. The defeat of this scheme, the active part he had taken in the establishment of the new discipline, and the construction of the liturgy, together with his intimate connexion with Cranmer, marked Ridley out as one of the most prominent victims of papal authority. The form of a trial was, indeed, granted him: a deputation of popish bishops was appointed to hold a formal disputation on the controverted points with him at Oxford, and he was condemned, as a recusant and obstinate heretic, to the stake. This sentence he underwent with the greatest fortitude, in company with his friend and fellow-sufferer Latimer (q. v.), Oct. 15, 1555, in Oxford. His life has been written by the reverend doctor Ridley, prebendary of Salisbury.

RIDOTTO; a masquerade, attended with music and dancing, and other amusements. A ridotto commonly takes place on fast-eve, in those places where the carnival is celebrated.-Ridotto, in Venice, is also the name of a public place, where, during the carnival, games of hazard, particularly faro, are played. Formerly, none but a Venetian noble could have a bank in the ridotto; and particular privileges were granted to him as banker. On each side stood a lady in a mask, to give him warning of any thing to his disadvan

tage. No persons but nobles were permitted to play, unless in a mask.

RIED, TREATY AT, Oct. 8, 1813. (See Bavaria.)

RIEDESEL, Frederica Charlotte Louisa, baroness, the daughter of the Prussian minister of state Massow, was born at Brandenburg in 1746. At the age of six teen, she was married to lieutenant-colonel Riedesel, who commanded the Brunswick troops employed in the English service in America in 1777. Madame Riedesel, who accompanied her husband, wrote an interesting account of her adventures, published by her son-in-law, the count de Reuss, under the title of Voyage to America, or Letters of Madame von Riedesel (translated into English, New York, 1827). She returned to Europe in 1783; and having lost her husband (who had been made a general) in 1800, she fixed her residence at Berlin, where she died in 1808.

RIEGO Y NUNEZ, Rafael del, a Spanish patriot, born of a noble family, in the province of Asturias, in 1785. After having been liberally educated, he entered the army, and served during the invasion of Spain by Bonaparte. He was taken prisoner; and, on his liberation, the constitutional general Abisbal gave him a staff appointment; and when that chief betrayed the cause of independence, Riege retired from the service in disgust, and for a time led a private life. In the beginning of 1820, at the head of a battalion, he proclaimed the Spanish constitution, and, traversing a large extent of country, shut bimself up in a fortress, with the small number of troops who had the patriotism and courage to follow his example. Being threatened by a powerful army, and aware of the danger of delay, he sallied forth from the isle of Leon with a few hundred brave men, made his way through the forces that opposed his passage, visited several large towns, intimidated the authorities, fought obstinately, lost the greater part of his troops, and retired to the mountains with the determination to defend himself to the last extremity, rather than submit to the mercy of his enemies. But the spirit of freedom which he had excited was not extinguished; the provinces ranged themselves under the banners of independence, and Riego received the homage of national gratitude. His popularity excited the jealousy of those in power, and he was calumniated as a promoter of anarchy and disorder: bis army was dissolved, and he was proscribed. But he preserved the confidence of the people, and was appointed a deputy to the cortes

of 1822, of which assembly he became the president, and in this arduous station displayed prudence and firmness, with a conciliatory disposition that did him honor. When king Ferdinand refused to maintain the constitution which he had sworn to observe, Riego again appeared in arms to assert the liberty of his country; but it was destined to fall before foreign foes. He was taken prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz to the French, under the duke d'Angouleme, and, being conveyed to Madrid, was executed as a traitor, Nov. 7, 1823. His widow, who sought refuge in Englund, died at Chelsea, June 19, 1824.-See the Memoirs of the Life of Riego, by the canon Riego (London, 1824), and Mathew's Narrative, &c.

RIENZI, Nicholas Gabrini de; a native of Rome, who, in the fourteenth century, became celebrated by his attempts to restore the Roman republic. Although the son of one of the lowest order of tavern keepers, he received a literary education, and early distinguished himself by his talents, parts, and elevated sentiments. The glory of ancient Rome excited his enthusiasm, and he came to be regarded by the common people as an extraordinary person, destined to rescue them from the tyranny of the aristocracy, which, on the removal of the popes to Avignon, had become in the highest degree insolent and oppressive. He obtained the post of public scribe or notary, and in 1346 was joined in a deputation to pope Clement VI, at Avignon, to exhort him to bring back the papal court to its original seat. He acted on this occasion with so much energy and eloquence, that the pope created him an apostolic notary, which office, on his return, he executed with strict probity. He let no opportunity escape to excite the discontent of the people, by haranguing against the nobility and the defects of the public administration. Having prepared men's minds for a change, and engaged persons of all orders in his designs, in the month of April, 1347, during the absenco of the governor of Rome, Stephen Colon na, he summoned a secret assembly upon mount Aventine, before which he made an energetic speech, and induced them all to subscribe an oath for the establishment of a plan of government, which he entitled the good estate. He had even the address to gain over the pope's vicar, and, in a second assembly in the capitol, produced fifteen articles as the basis of the good estate, which were unanimously approved; and the people conferred upon him the title of tribune, with the power

of life and death, and all the other attributes of sovereignty. The governor, Colonna, upon his return, threatened him with punishment, but was himself constrained to quit the city; and Rienzi banished several of the noble families, after capitally punishing such as were convicted of oppression and injustice. In the first exercise of his authority, he conducted himself with a strict regard to justice and the public good; and even the pope was induced to sanction his power. The reputation of the new tribune extended throughout Italy, and his friendship was even solicited by the king of Hungary and the emperor Louis. Petrarch was highly interested in his proceedings; and there are extant several eloquent letters, in which that poet exhorts him to persevere in his glorious undertakings. But the intoxication of supreme power began to betray him into extravagances. He caused himself to be created a knight, with a mixture of religious and military ceremonies, and cited the two rival emperors, Charles and Louis, to appear before him to justify their pretensions. He also dismissed the pope's legate, and, reducing the nobles into complete humiliation, commenced a reign of terror. But at length, finding that he had lost the affection and confidence of the people, he withdrew, in 1348, from Rome, and remained in Naples until 1350, when he took advantage of the jubilee to return secretly to Rome; but being discovered, he withdrew to Prague. Thence he came into the hands of pope Clement at Avignon, who confined him three years, and appointed a commission to try him; his successor, Innocent VI, released Rienzi, and sent him to Rome to oppose another popular demagogue, named Boroncelii. The Romans received him with great demonstrations of joy, and he recovered his former authority; but after a turbulent administra tion of a few months, the nobles excited another sedition against him, in which he was massacred in October, 1354. His last brief carcer had been marked with great cruelty, which excited the populace to treat his remains with indignity. Rienzi, who possessed a union of fanaticism and artifice, was more energetic in speech and council than in action, and failed in courage and presence of mind in great emergencies.

RIES, Ferdinand, a distinguished planoforte player and composer, was born in Bonn, on the Rhine. Beethoven was his teacher, and under his direction he appeared before the public in Vienna, in

1804 and 1805. After several journeys, be settled in London, as teacher and coinposer. In 1817, he also became director of the philharmonic concert. In 1825, he retired to Boun. His productions are very numerous.

RIESENGEBIRGE (the Giants' mountains); part of the Sudetic chain, separating Silesia from Bohemia and Moravia, till it joins the Carpathians; but the term is properly applied to that part of this range which lies between the sources of the Neisse and the Bober. It contains the loftiest mountains of the north or central part of Germany. Some of the principal summits are Schneckoppe, 5270 feet high; Great Sturmhaube, 5030 feet high; and Lesser Sturmhaube, nearly as high. The valleys of the Riesengebirge present many picturesque scenes. (See Sudetic Mountains.)

RIFACIMENTO (Italian, a remaking, or reestablishment) is now often used in English. One of its most common applications is to the process of recasting literary works, so as to adapt them to a changed state of circumstances; as when a work written in one age or country is modified to suit the circumstances of another. The German word Umarbeitung is still inore expressive.

RIFLE; a fire-arm which has the inside of its barrel cut with from three to niue or ten spiral grooves, so as to make it resemble à fenrile screw,varying from a common screw only in this, that its grooves or rifles are less deflected and approach more to a right line; it being now usual for the grooves with which the best_rified barrels are cut, to take about one whole turn in a leugth of thirty inches. The number of these grooves differ according to the size of the barrel and the fancy of the workman; and their depth and width are not regulated by any invariable rule. The period of their invention cannot be precisely determined. In 1361, the city of Augsburg promised, in the war of the free imperial cities against the nobility in Franconia, Sumbia and Bavarie, to send thiny (busses, buchsen) to the army. In 198, fire-arms with rifled barrels were used at a public shooting-match in Leipsic.

les

RIGA; a fortified city in the Russian government of the same name (sce. Le6nia), lying on the Duna, or Dwina, miles above its entrance into the gut f Riga; lat. 56° 57′ N.; bon. 24° 5 E The suburbs, which were almost entirely destroyed in 1812 (see Russian-German var), have since been rebuilt with broad, indsome streets, and numerous public walks and squares. The city has also received

many additions and ornaments of late. The population, which, in 1821, amounted to 41,500, was, in 1828, 55,547, principally Lutherans. In 1829, 1403 vessels entered the port of Riga; the exports for the same year amounted to 47,888,000 roubles. The commerce is principally carried on by English merchants. There are numerous public institutions and buildings here, among the latter of which are the magnificent town-house, an imperial palace, the old castle, &c. The inhabitants are chief ly Germans, or of German origin. Next to Petersburg, Riga is the most important commercial place in the empire, and has large naval establishments. Corn, flax and hemp are the chief articles of export. Riga was founded in 1200, by bishop Albert, and, until the middle of the sixteenth century, belonged to the Teutonic knights. In 1710, it was taken possession of by Russia. RIGADOON; a lively kind of dance, performed in figure by a man and woman, and the tune of which is always written in triple time. The rigadoon was borrowed originally from Provence. The word is formed from the French word rigeudon, signifying the same thing.

RIGGING; a general name given to all the ropes employed to support the masts, and to extend or reduce the sails, or arrange them to the disposition of the wind, -Standing rigging is that which is used to sustain the masts, and remains in a fixed position; as the shrouds, stays, and back-stays.-Running rigging is that which is fitted to arrange the sails by passing through various blocks, in different places about the inasts, yards, shrouds, &c., as the braces, sheets, halliards, clewlines, &c., &c.

RIGHI, or Rio (Mons regius, or Regina montium); an isolated mountain in the canton of Schweitz, between the lakes of Zug, Lucerne and Lowertz, 6000 feet high. The view from the summit is remarkably fine, and attracts great numbers of travellers; it embraces the whole of the north and cast of Switzerland, far into Swabia, the Jura, the Alps to the Jungfrau, and fourteen lakes. Füssli (see Fuscli) and Meyer published the finest views in the Sketches on the Righi (Zurich, 1807).

RIGHT AND LEFT BANK OF A RIVER. That bank which is on the right of a person looking down the river is called the right bank; the other the left.

RIGHT, PETITION OF. (See Petition of Right.)

RIGHTS, BILL OF. (See Bill of Rights.) RIGHTS, DECLARATION OF. (See Bill of Rights.)

RIMINI (Ariminum); a city in the States of the Church, on the Marecchia, near its entrance into the gulf of Venice; lat. 44° 4' N.; Jon. 12° 34 E. There is a harbor at the mouth of the Marecchia, which, however, is choked up by sand and stones, brought down by the river. The sea has receded more than two miles from the ancient light-house, which is now surrounded by gardens. The river is crossed by a handsome marble bridge, of five arches, built by Tiberius, at the point where the Flaminian and Æmilian ways met, and is the finest monument of antiquity of the kind Before one of the

gates is an ancient triumphal arch, erected in honor of Augustus. The cathedral erected on the ruins of the temple of Castor and Pollux is, like several of the other churches, built of the marble taken from the ruins of the old port. The church of S. Francesco, built in the middle of the fifteenth century, is celebrated for its noble and splendid style of architecture. It was erected by Pandolfo Malatesta, whose family governed Rimini for a long period, in the middle ages, and adorned the city with many public buildings. In the Piazza del Commune is a handsome fountain, and a bronze statue of pope Paul V; in the market-place is shown a pedestal, from which it is pretended that Cæsar harangued his troops before passing the Rubicon. Rimini contains some other fine remains of antiquity. March 25, 1831, it was occupied by Austrian troops, after having been some time defended by Italian patriots.

RING. (For the pope's ring, see Fisherman's Ring; for the bishop's, see Investiture, also Kiss; for Saturn's ring, seo Planel, and Saturn. See also Fairy Circle.)

RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE. (See Norte.)

RIO DE JANEIRO, or S. SEBASTIAÕ (often called simply Rio); capital city of Brazil, gre western shore of the bay of the

name, which makes up from the Atlantiocean; lat. 22° 54′ S.; lon. 43° 15' W.; population in 1820, estimated at 135,000, and by Walsh, in 1830, at 150,000. Before the arrival of the Portuguese court, in 1808 (see John VI), the population was about 50,000, and occupied only that part of the city now called the old city. The streets of the new city are broad and straight, and the houses in both sections are mostly built in the same style, of granite, and three stories high. The public places are not remarkable for beauty, but most of them have fountains supplied with water by a very handsome aqueduct.

The imperial palace, formerly the residence of the viceroys, is built in an ordinary style, and was enlarged, after the arrival of the court, by connecting it with the Carmelite monastery. The mint, the custom-house, the arsenal, and the exchange, are handsome buildings. The churches and convents (five) present nothing deserving of notice. The public gardens are prettily laid out, and enjoy a fine prospect. Music is a favorite amusement of the people, and is cultivated with success by all classes. The manufacturing industry is inconsiderable; but Rio is the great mart of Brazilian commerce; the harbor is one of the finest and safest in the world. All the ports between Bahia on the north and Montevideo on the south send their merchandise to Rio for exportation or consumption. The internal commerce with the inland provinces is also extensive, particularly in mineral riches. Sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, hides, tallow, furs, molasses, indigo, fustic, cocoanuts, diamonds, topaz, and other precious stones, are among the exports. (See Brazil.) The climate is warm and humid; and, on account of the marshes which surround the city, and the filth of the streets, the vultures being the only scavengers, the city is often an unhealthy residence for strangers; but, by adopting the Brazilian mode of living, avoiding exposure in the sun, night dews, abstaining from spirituous liquors, and using vegetable diet, the danger is averted. The population consists of a singular mixture of colors and nations; about two thirds are negroes, mulattoes, &c.; and among the whites are seen French, Germans, Enghish, Italians, Dutch, and North Americans. The environs are charming, and vegetation never ceases. The place derives its name, signifying river of January, from the mistake of the first discoverer of the bay, who conceived it to be the mouth of a large river. It was founded by Portuguese in 1565, and in 1763 was a the capital of Brazil. It was the resence of the Portuguese court from 1808 to 1821, and, in 1822, became the capital of the independent empire of Brazil. (See Pedro I.) In 1831 (April 7), it was the theatre of a revolution, in which 6000 armed citizens were joined by the troops of the line in their opposition to the government, and in consequence of which dom Pedro abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Pedro II.-See Walsh's Noices of Brazil (London, 1830).

RIO GRANDE. (See Plata, La.)
RIOTS are disturbances of the public

peace, attended with circumstances of tumult and commotion, as where an assembly destroys, or in any manner damages, seizes, or invades the property either of individuals or the public, or does any injury to the persons of individuals, or invades, seeks, or pursues them, with intent to confine them, or put them in fear, or violently constrains any one to act contrary to his interest, duty, or inclination. Where three or more persons assemble on their own authority to disturb the public peace, whether in a house or highway, with intent mutually to assist each other against any who shall oppose them in the execution of some enterprise of a private nature, and they afterwards actually execute the same, in a violent and turbulent manner, to the terror of the people, whether the act be lawful or not, they incur the guilt of a riot. All who are actually engaged in a riot are considered, in law, as equally guilty of the offence; but the circumstances of each are to be considered in assigning his punishment. A riot will not be justified by an apparently useful and laudable object, as to put down a house of ill fame or a common gazning house, or to remove other great and confessed nuisances. The law of Massachusetts of 1786 (ch. 38) enacts, that where any persons, to the number of twelve or more, armed with clubs or other weapons, or where any number of persons, consisting of thirty or more, shall be unlawfully, riotously or tumultuously assembled, any justice of the peace, sheriff or deputysheriff of the county, or constable of the town, shall make open proclamation among the rioters, or as near to them as he can come, and charge all persons so as sembled immediately to disperse them selves, and peaceably to depart to their homes, under penalty of the pains inflicted by said act. If any persons so unlawfully assembled do not disperse themselves within one hour after proclamation made, or attempted to be made, it is lawful for any officer to command sufficient aid to seize such offenders, and to require an armed force if the rioters appear arined. Should any of the latter be killed or wounded by reason of their resistance, the magistrate or officer will be held guiltless; but if the magistrate or officer, or any of his assistants, should be killed in their endeavors to restore the peace and to arrest the offenders, it would be murder in all those who were guilty of the riot. Similar provisions exist in other states of the Union, as well as in England.

RIPPERDA, John William, baron of,