than can be shown by this one bureau in the one decade of its existence. There are now about 5000 schools in operation, with an average monthly enrolment of 500,000, presided over by 9000 American and Filipino teachers and apprentices. Since there is a total population of children of school age of 1,250,000, this enrolment shows that over one-third of all the children of school age are in school. Ten years ago not one in a thousand had ever seen a book. This is a very proud record. And the record of numbers could be much greater if funds were available for extension of equipment, and if properly qualified Filipino teachers could be secured."

The editor of Education thinks that essentially the same. praise could justly be given to our educational efforts in Porto Rico and Cuba, and that the Christianizing and educating of Hawaii which was begun eighty years ago is evidence of the same wise and consecrated effort. Inciden

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tally," he says, these fresh fields have afforded the opportunity to demonstrate the correctness of some education theories that in the midst of the various influences of an older and more complex civilization could not be so accurately tested." One line of educational endeavor in which this has been especially clear is in demonstrating the supreme value of vocational education from a cultural as well as from a purely practical point of view. It has called forth the highest and best human qualities of these people. "The ability to do something well-something that is worth while, something that benefits the doer and his fellowsgives a new sense of personal worth, a new self-respect, and draws quickly into its train such virtues as industry, frugality, honesty, considerateness of others, and a whole round of moral qualities."

THE MOROS.-With the Filipino in 1898 we got the Moro, a fierce, naked wild man, with a wavy-bladed "kris" and a big shield, who roams the jungles of Mindanao away down under the Southern Cross near Borneo. And with him, so says Frederick Simpich of the U. S. consular service, in the Christian Herald for January 1, 1913, we got a Moslem problem, a problem like Italy has found in Tripoli, and England in India and Egypt. "Now this con

flict of the Cross and the Crescent is an old story in the East-as old as the Crusades, of course; but when Uncle Sam got the Moro he met it for the first time." He knew many different races and how to deal with them. "But a real dyed-in-the-beard disciple of Islam, a pilgrim of Mecca who spurns pork and counts it glory to slay a Christianwell, this indeed was a new problem to Uncle Sam.” And this notorious Moro is no ordinary Oriental, weak, servile, and fawning; he does not bow readily to conquerors from the Western World. "Proud, cruel, and cunning, despising cowardice, robust and agile, sober, audacious and vindictive, -small wonder adjacent tribes feared him, and that his fame as a pirate, a butcher, and slayer had spread throughout the East." That is the "bad boy" of the Philippines on whom Uncle Sam has been trying the effects of the Golden Rule.

When we undertook their pacification and uplift, sad, sudden, and sickening failure was freely predicted. Today in Mindanao vast farms of hemp and cocoanuts flourish in the fertile valleys; scores of contented Moros are on Yankee pay-rolls; and even our most captious critics, the British cousins, admit that Yankee rule in Mindanao has been a glad surprise to the civilized world." In the beginning there was bloodshed and the sacrifice of some American lives before the Moro learned that he could trust us. But slowly the change came, and "to-day these quondam pirates prefer labor to loot; they dive for pearls, weave cloth, manufacture cane furniture, grow tree-cotton, hemp, and cocoanuts. Under American direction they have learned to build bridges, docks, and wharves. Trade is growing fast, and the Moro has caught the commercial spirit of the Americans, Europeans, Chinese, and the more advanced island pagans, who ply their vocations about them. Schools and courts are established, reasonable taxes taken, and justice is quick, direct, and effective. In short, Yankee uplift is making a man of the Moro."

With a continuation of the processes that are lifting the Moro out of his savagery, and with the education and increase in influence of the younger generation, he no doubt will eventually be ready for the responsibilities of full citi

zenship. But Mr. Simpich feels that there would be serious danger of his retrograding if such responsibilities were thrust upon him before he has had time fully to outgrow his savage nature.

Spain.

Spain has within recent years been awakening to the influence of the newer educational movements. There is now a strong desire in many quarters to acquire the best the foreign nations have to offer in education. To this end nearly 100 students, through the assistance of the Government, are now resident students at foreign universities and technical schools. But this is entirely aside from the many who are studying in the institutions of Spain itself, under the guidance of men who have gained distinction in letters, in history, in archæology, and philology.

A number of patriotic students who lead in these forward movements held a summer school at Madrid during 6 weeks of the past summer, under the presidency of Professor Pidal, who is well known by reputation in our own universities. Spain may yet regain some of the reputation for its schools which was so worthily built up by its famous universities during the Middle Ages.

Sweden.

THE PEOPLE'S HIGH SCHOOLS.-The people's high schools, referred to in the "Annals of Educational Progress in 1910," which originated in Denmark, have become a characteristic institution of all the Scandinavian countries. These schools are for the benefit of the adult youth, and the curriculum is carefully chosen to promote their material interests as well as their intellectual and moral uplift. Both one and two year courses are provided for in these schools, and the courses are so arranged that the men students attend from September 1 to May 1, while the women students attend from May I to August 1. The schools are located in convenient centres, where most of the young people remain for the period of study.

These high schools are a unique feature, and have proved such a powerful agent for raising the general standard of

life and thought among the people that their main features are well worth consideration elsewhere. Sweden, in 1910, had 44 schools of this class with about equal attendance of men and women. The State bore practically half of the expense of their maintenance.

Switzerland.

A NEW SCHOOL OF HIGHER PEDAGOGY.-The " Institute J. J. Rousseau," established during the year at Geneva, affords excellent opportunity for the study of scientific pedagogy. It meets very fully the newer demands for placing education upon a scientific basis, its purpose being twofold: (1) to furnish to teachers advanced instruction in psychology and pedagogy; and (2) to provide ample means and encouragement for the further development of the science of education. The curriculum comprises general psychology, the psychology of the child, didactic puericulture, school hygiene, with special consideration of the maladies of childhood, the abnormal and backward child problem, moral and social education, and the history and philosophy of great educators. "The method of training is to be eminently practical and individual and necessarily presupposes a completed course of general education on the part of the students; in other words it is post-graduate.” (See Education, December, 1912.)

PART VII

CHAPTER XII

MEETINGS-NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL

ASSOCIATION

The General Meeting.

THE fiftieth annual convention of the National Education Association was held in Chicago July 6-12. As this meeting registered the half-century mark of the Association's general conventions, the history of the whole N. E. A. movement was reviewed in a series of interesting addresses. The Association was organized in Philadelphia August 26, 1857. The purpose of the organization, as stated at that time, was "To elevate the character and advance the interests of the profession of teaching, and to promote the cause of popular education in the United States." It was organized under the name of The National Teachers' Association, and its members were almost exclusively men. As one of the charter members said, there was but one woman present and she sat in the gallery. The name of the Association was changed at the meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, on August 15, 1870, to the National Educational Association. On February 24, 1886, it was incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia as the National Education Association; but on November 6 of that same year the name was changed back to that of the National Educational Association. This name it bore until, by special act of Congress approved June 30, 1906, it became the National Education Association of the United States. The charter and by-laws prepared in accordance with the act of incorporation were adopted by the active members of the Association July 10, 1907, at the "Fiftieth Anniversary Convention," which was held in Los Angeles. No sessions of the Association were held in the years 1861, 1862, 1867, 1878, and 1906. The places in which general

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