Hiftory of Indoftan, and the Carnatic War. 130 Mahmoud's fucceffes were called, from Scheabbedin, the fourth emperor of the Gaurides, during the life of his brother and predeceffor Gaiatheddin, fubjugated the kingdoms of Multan and Delhi. He drew fuch amazing treasures from India, that one of his daughters inquiring of the officer who fuperintended them, what was their value? he replied, that the diamonds only weighed three thoudand pounds, whereby the might form a judgment of the reft. Making allow es for Oriental exaggeration, we may val collect from this circumstance, that March, An exasperated In- The race of Gaurides became extinct in About the year 1214 Mohamed, fixth fultan of the Dynafty of the Koowarafmians, whofe dominions lay contiguous to the flave who hid fucceeded his predethofe of the Gaurides, took Gazna from ceffor Tageddin Ildiz in that government. Notwithstanding he subjugated the capital of their empire, it does not appear that He incautiously he ellablished himself in the Indian dominions of the Gaurides. came to a rupture with Gingischan, and in the year 1218, was compelled to give way to the arms of that conqueror; and, about two years after, he died a fugitive far diftant from Asia. Mohamed's fon, the gallant Gelaladdin oppofed Gingischan in the province of Gazna, but was totally defeated by the latter in perfon, and efcaped with his life, by fwimming over a river with a fortitude tion. He continued is Multan till the that excited even Gingifchan's admirayear 1224, when he left India with the defign of never more returning into it. He was flain in Mefopotamia in 1231. We have given this short sketch of the conquefts and fate of the first invaders of India, not defigning to pursue this remote part of the history of that coun try with any regular chronological accuracy, as we only mean it as introductory to the ftate of it in modera times. However, we cannot pafs over the following remarks, as they tend to il luftrate luftrate the prefent ftate of Indoftan, as well as all India, which is generally understood to comprehend all the countries and empires which lie fouth of Tartary, extending from the eastern frontiers of Perfia, to the eastern coafts of China. The ifands of Japan are alfo included under this name, as well as the Malay iflands, ia which the Dutch have very valuable poffeffions, and which reach foutherly to the coafts of New Holland, and towards the reaft to Terra Incognita. Nevertheless, the name of India can only with propriety be applied to that country, which in Afia, as well as Europe, is diftinguished by the name of Indoftan. The more northern inhabitants were eafily perfuaded to embrace Mahomedifm, and are now the Afighans or Pitans, who have lately made fo great a figure in all, the revolutions of Delhi. Thefe are the people who have formed a mighty nation in India, whom the Europeans call Moors; their numbers fall little short of ten millions, who all profefs the Mahomedan religion; to them, under the authority of the Great Mogul, the greatest part of Indostan is now fubject; but, notwithstanding they are the reigning nation, they are outnumbered by the Indians in the proportion of ten to one. To this inferiority of numbers may be afcribed the reason why the Mahomedans leave in all parts of Indoftan, several Indian princes in poffeffion of their respective fovereignties, which they are permitted to govern without moleftation, on condition that they pay a ftipulated tribute, and do pot infringe on any part of the treaties, by which the Grand Mogul has been and is acknowledged. These Indian princes are ftyled rajas, or kings. Above one half of the empire is at this time fubject to them. Some of them are princes of very fmall territories, whilst others poffefs dominions nearly as large asthofe of the king of Pruffia. many cafes arbitrators are preferred to the determination of judges-but even in this cafe partiality and prejudice too frequently prevail. The Alcoran is to the Mahomedans, not only the fource of their religious inftitutions, but of their civil law, as well as the administration of juftice in criminal cafes. The mulla in Indoftan fuperintends the practice, and punithes the breach of religious duties; the cadi holds courts, in which are decided all difputes of property, and the catwal is at once the judge and executor of justice in criminal cafes. In those parts of Indoftan which are fre. quented by the Europeans, the customs of laws relative to lands, are fubje& to many difficulties and contradictions. A hufbandman who poffeffes a few fields, is entitled to fell or bequeath them, whilft the diftricts which contain these fields, is annually let out by government, to a renter, who pays a ftipulated fum to the lord of the country, and receives from · the cultivator a certain fhare of his har-* vefts. Quarrels frequently arife between the renter and the husbandman, and the former often difpoffeffes the latter of his lands: clamours against the greatest violation of juftice immediately enfue, whereupon the prince ufually interferes, and in moft cafes (unlefs fome flagrant accufati ons are fupported) redreffes the hufbandman; if upon a proof of the poor man's innocence, the prince fails to grant redrefs, he is highly execrated by almost all ranks of people. The Great Mogul ftiles himself proprietor of all the lands in every country abfolutely fubjected, and grants portions of them as he pleafes to his feudatories for life; but nevertheless the cultivator retains the right of fale and bequest. The chief policy of all the Indian governmenta of Indoflan, as well as that pursued by the Great Mogul, confifts more in an inceffant attention to prevent any fingle family from obtaining great poffeffions, than in an attention of increasing oppreffions upon the body of the people. Such a species of tyranny would tarnish the monarch's glory, and foon leave him but few fubjects to command. The man ambitious of increa fing his poffeffions, inftead of compaffing his defign, as the neceffary certificate to make good his title to his new acquifitions muft pafs through many hands, would most probably only make himself obnox jous to the people, who might judge hits a proper victim to be facrificed to tate policy. It may, indeed, be remarked ́ie the hiftory of this and other Eastern counIn tries, that notwithstanding the violence R 2 committed It is faid there are no written laws among the Indians, but that a few maxims, handed down traditionally, fupply the place of fuch a code in civil caufes; and that ancient practice is fubfervient, in particular inftances, to the penetration of the judges, and is without appeal even in criminal cafes. Thofe cafes which are de rived from the relations of blood, the Indians ufually decide with great integrity; but where property is concerned, without the affinity of blood, being a cunning fubtle people, litigation prevails much amongst them; and for want of proper ftatutes, the caprice or partiality of the judges often determines their fate, committed against the great, men of more humble condition are liable to ftill greater violences; and confequently an external humility is not only the belt protection, but of course the foundelt policy. The Great Mogul is acknowledged the heir of every feudatory, who accepts of a certain title and a penfion in that capacity. No one from the vizir to the lowest rank of feudatories, can have any truft of importance reposed in him but upon these conditions, and on his demife, his whole property is seized for the use of the empe ror, who reftores what part he pleases to the family of the deceased. The eftates of all who are not feudatories lineally defcend, according to fucceffion. Thefe checks and barriers were abfolutely requifite in a state where great trufts were neceffarily repofed in the hands of individuals, to prevent the aggrandizement of particular families. Indoftan is not divided into more than twenty-four provinces, each of which contains feveral Indian principalities. A numerous army, ready to be put in motion upon a fhort notice, was judged expedi ent to coerce the rajas; as the fame force, divided under different generals, would not have proved effectual. The nabob, whofe title is now so often mentioned in Europe, is an officer, and was made fubject to the controul of others who refided in the province with him, and over whom he had no authority. The power of life and death was referved to the fovereign; civil cafes were the department of the cadi; and the revenues and expences of the provinces were infpected by the duan, who regulated the cuftoms, and in the name of the emperor took poffeffion of the forfeited eftates of the deceafed feudatories. The government of the frongest holds in the province, was invested in perfons who were in no refpect fubject to the nabob. He was call ed to court, kept there, or appointed to another government, whenever these changes were judged expedient by the miniftry; and at one time they were fo frequent, that a new nabob left Delhi riding backwards upon an elephant, affigning as a reafon," that he was looking out for bis fucceffor." The nabobs of diftant provinces had opportunities of acquiring ability in their governments, from the divifions of the royal family; and the court was now fatisfied with receiving a ftipulated fum from nim, in lieu of the real revenues raifed in the province, whereby the nabob became almoft abfolute in his province, and could entertain no apprehenfions of having his power diminished, but by the arrival of ver appeared. Previous to this æra of inan army from Delhi, which feldom or nedependence, they exercised cruel caprices, and defpotic rigor, on thofe unhappy individuals who were incapable of making their complaints reach the throne. There is a story told of a nabob, who beheaded a set of handsome dancing girls, because they did not attend him on his firtt fummons. According to another historian, a man who murdered his wife, four children, and thirteen flaves, efcaped punishment, because he was a kind of empiric to the nabob. Many other inftances are given of fimilar cruelties. It has been remarked, that all the Mahomedans who have fettled in India acquire, in about the third generation, the indolence and pufillanimity of the aborigines, and at the fame time a ferocity and barbarity of difpofition, from which the Indians are now fortunately estranged. From this circumftance we are inclined ding blood of any kind, which conftituted to believe, that the prohibition of thedpart of the Indian religion, was founded in policy, and judiciously calculated to promote more gentle manners than the fanguinary difpofition which is generally afcribed to the inhabitants of Indoftan, before they became profelytes to the religion of Brama. Indoftan is fituated as follows: that part of the weltern fide of it which is not bounded by the fea, is feparated from Perfia and the Ubeg Tartary by defarts, and by those mountains which were known to the ancients by the name of Paropamisus ; mount Caucafus forms its barrier to the north, feparating it from different nations of Tartars, from the great and little Thibet. From mount Caucafus to Chitigan, marshes and rivers divide it from the kingdoms of Tepra, Allam, and Aracan. The fea from Chitigan to cape Comorin, and from hence to Perfia, embrace the rest of Indoftan. (To be continued.) Anecdotes of Count Gyllenborg, Trime Minifter of Saweden. Chead of an antient and noble family in HARLES, Count Gyllenborg, the Sweden, was ambassador from CharlesXII. to the court of London in the year 1716, when that prince, irritated against George 1. for his purchafing of the king of Denmark the dutchies of Bremen and Verden, conquered from the Swedish monarch, formed a project of invading Scotland from Gottenburg with 16,000 men, and fetting the pretender on the throne of Great Bri tain. This confpiracy was conducted, in concert with the English male-contents and and refugees, by count Gyllenborg at London, Baron Gortz, the Swedish envoy at the Hague, and Baron Sparre at Paris. But the English ministry being apprized of it, intercepted, copied, and then forwarded their correfpondence; and juft as the plot was ripe for execution, (the Habeas Corpus act having been purpofely fufpended) caufed the Swedith ambaffador to be arrested in London, and publifhed, in their own justification, all the intercepted lettere, in French and English. "Col. Blake ney, of the foot guards, furrounded the Count's houfe (fays Rapin) in the evening of Feb. 9, 1716-7, with fixty men; and foon after, major gen. Wade, accompanied by the colonel, entered it; he produced his orders, feized the papers § which he found on the table, put a feal on the fcrutoires in which were others, removed them, and, when he withdrew, left a guard of twenty men, who were releved the next morning by twenty grenadiers. This minifter was afterwards fent to a houfe in the country, where he was alfo ftrictly guarded, without being allowed to speak to any one, or even to write." Baron Gortz and his papers were at the fame time feized in Holland, and count Gyllenborg was guarded to a fea port and dimitled the kingdom. Thus much from the English history, in which count Gyllenborg figures as a politician. He fhall now be exhibited in a new light, that of a man of letters. After this, he continued to refide at Stockholm, and cultivated more pacific arts. In the English language, as well as the French and others, he was no fmail proficient, both as a speaker and a writer. The latter appears by some of his manufcript letters in the poffeffion of the compiler of these anecdotes. In one of them, dated Stockholm, Feb. 15, 1728, he expreffes himself thus: " You cannot imagine how much pleasure you give me by lending me now and then yours and others ingenious productions, and therefore I hope you will be fo kind as to continue it, but am heartily forry that I cannot be even with you, this country affording, especially at prefent, nothing worth your curiofity. We are now here fo deep in politicks, that little or no time is left NOTE S. Mifpelt "Blakney and Weide." The former was well known afterwards as the defender of Minorca, and the latter as a field-marshal. § On the firft alarm, the countefs, an English lady, had the prefence of mind to throw fome of the most important into the fire. He was at That he was us for more agreeable speculations. You are happy, coufin, that have chosen to live out of all those hindrances of a real eafy and contented life........... I had almost forgot to tell you, that you would both oblige me and my wife in fending us the book of travels you mention to be publifhed by Dr. Swift."-In another, dated Novemb. 17, 1728, in which he laments the death of his wife's uncle 1, he fays, "I condole with you this lofs with all my heart, and with God Almighty will preferve you and your dear family from fuch like misfortunes these many years... We have both immediately put on mourning for three months, which is a time ufual in this country for a mourning after uncles." He adds, "The Latin epigrams you have inferted in your letter came very apropos. Now I must begin again to mufter up all what I know of that language, fince it has pleafed my mafter + to appoint me chancellor of the university of Lund in this kingdom." that time prime minister. alfo of a religious turn of mind appeara from his tranflating into the Swedith language Sherlock's difcourfe on death; but he could not get it licensed, as their clergy cenfured fome things in it as contrary to found doctrine. He procured it, therefore to be printed in Holland, and distributed the whole edition for the benefit of his countrymen. They condemn, it seems, that part of the treatife in which the author speaks of the hazard and precarioufnefs of a death-bed repentance, and fay, that it tends to drive people into despair. It was approved, however, by perfons of the best judgment, and was afterwards allowed to be printed at Stockholm, with a note of reprobation on the obnoxious paffages, to guard the reader from the fuppofed errors. This has been compared with the original, and found to be very clofely tranflated. The count alfo tranflated fome English comedies, with alterations fuitable to the genius of the Swedes, which were acted at Stockholm with applause. A proposal being made by him in the diet to grant the free exercife of their religion to the Roman Catho licks, in which the nobility and burghers concurred, it was ftrenuously oppofed by the clergy and peasants. The clergy NOTE S. London. In the latter part of her life fhe retired into Yorkshire, where the died at Settle, Jan 16, 1766. Her only daughter, the hon. Amelia Wilhelmina Melefina Sparre, born in 1733, to whom Frederick Prince of Wales was godfather, died unmarried at Thirske in Yorkshire, October 5, 1778.--Count Gyllenborg left no child; the counts of that name now in Sweden are his collateral relations. On the Love of Glory. Prado lavishly bestowed, among men, neither is, nor poffibly can be, a matter of indifference; it is either useful or pernicious, very noble, or very mean. If it is an inftrument employed by felf-love, and felf intereft, to arrive at riches and honours, or the flattery of a flave, to deceive a man in power, it is contemptible; but if it is the homage which admiration pays to virtue, or gratitude to genius, it is one of the nobleft things on earth. It renders genius more extenfive, gives wings to the imagination, and elevation and dignity to the foul; it ftrengthens and improves every intellectual, every moral faculty. The labours, the fublime meditations, the enlarged views of the philo. fopher and legiflator, are derived from it; it infpires the orator with eloquence, to defend the rights of humanity, and the citizen with courage to fight, and to die for the liberties of his country. RAISE, which is fo ardently defired blackened him on that account as an enemy to the church; and the common people were fo exafperated against him, that he was in danger of being mobbed, and therefore, was obliged to drop it. This narrowness of thinking in the ecclefiaf tics may partly be imputed to an impolitic principle of pride, which prevents the nobility and perfons of diftinction from educating their younger fons for the church or trade, all being bred to the army; which is alfo a great prejudice to the reputation of the clergy, and to the wealth and intereft of the nation. During count Gyllenborg's adminiftration, a Swedish gentleman of fortune published a weekly paper at Stockholm by the name of Argus, in the manner of the Specta tor, from which alfo he tranflated feve ral pieces. It met with great fuccefs, ar the author was at firit careffed by the count and the miniftry, and frequently dined at the count's table. But at laft prefuming to meddle with politicks, he gave great offence. It is highly probable that the chief fault of this gentleman, as well as of Sir Richard Steele, might be his writing against a French interett. A paper of the like kind was alfo published in High Dutch at Hamburgh by Dr. Thomas (afterwards bishop of Lincoln and Salisbury) when chaplain to the factory there, and circulated over Germany. The precife time of count Gyllenborg's death I cannot afcertain. He married (as mentioned above) an English lady, fecond daughter of John Wright, Efq; attorneygeneral of Jamaica in 1685, (who, with her elder fifter, accompanied the dutchefs of Albemarle, afterwards of Montague, to that island in 1684) and relict of Elias Deritt, Efq; deputy of the great wardrobe under the duke of Montagu. By this gentleman fhe had a daughter, Elizabeth, who accompanying her mother to Sweden, was created by the queen (in her own right, countefs Gyllenborg. This lady was married to barron Sparre, one of Charles the XIIth's officers, who was alfo his envoy at Paris and London, and was taken prifoner by the Ruffians at the battle of Pultowa. After his death, the younger countefs Gyllenborgh, a very accomplished lady, returned to England, having a pension both from Sweden and Heffe Caffel, and refided feveral years in NOTE. Voltaire, while he was writing his Hiftory of Charles XII. read it occafionally to Baron Sparre and his lady, who apprifed him of feveral mistakes. He thanked thein for their corrections, but altered not a fyllable. Whence does the love of glory arife? from the very nature of man. As he is both ambitious and weak, a mixture of imperfection and greatnefs, the esteem of others is the only thing that can justify the efteem which he endeavours to have for himself: it stamps a value upon his labours; infpires him with a confidence in his virtues, fupports and encourages him under his frailties, and gives employment to the reflefs activity of his nature. Much has been faid against the love of glory; nor is this to be wondered at, as it is much easier to speak against glory than to deferve it. Would we know the effects of this paffion? banish it from among men, and the whole face of nature will be inftantly changed. In reading the hiftory of arts and empires, I every where fee fome men upon eminences, and below the mob of mankind following at a dif tance, and with flow fteps; I fee that glory guides the former, and that they guide the universe. It has been often afked, whether a fenfe of duty alene might not fupply the place |