electing one), and commanded next under the Erganyol. They had the care of marshalling the army, gave orders for their marches, and what provisions every soldier should furnish himself with, which were conveyed to the army by public criers. They had also power to cashier any of the common soldiers, if convicted of misdemeanours. Their jurisdiction was only over the foot". 'Iлagxol, were only two in number 2, and had the chief command of the cavalry next under the Στρατηγοί. Púλagxo were ten; one being nominated by every tribe. They were subordinate officers to the 'Ixgx, and invested with authority to discharge horsemen, and to fill up the vacancies, as occasion required P. Thus much of the general-officers. The inferiors usually derived their titles from the squadron, or number of men under their command: as λοχαγοί, χιλίαρχοι, ἑκατόνταρχοι, δεκάδαρχοι, πεμπαδας zo, &c. Proceed we, in the next place, to the commanders of the Spartan army. The supreme command was lodged in one person; for the Lacedæmonians, however fond of aristocracy in civil affairs, found, by experience, that in war, a monarchial government was on several accounts preferable to all others: for it happening, that once, upon a difference in opinion between their two kings, Demaratus and Cleomenes, the former withdrew his part of the army, and left his colleague exposed to the enemy, a law was hereupon enacted, that, for the future, they should never command the army together, as had been usual before that misfortune. Yet upon extraordinary occasions, when the safety and honour of the state was in dispute, they had so much prudence, as rather, by transgressing the letter of the law to secure their country, than, by insisting on niceties, to bring it into danger: for we find that, when Agis was engaged in a dangerous war with the Argeans and Mantineans, Plistonax, his fellow king, having raised an army out of such citizens, as by their age were at other times excused from military service, went in person to his assistance. The general's title (as some say) was Bafos, which others will have common to all other military officers. He was ordinarily one of the kings of Sparta; it being appointed by one of Lycurgus's m Lysias Orat. pro Mantitheo, et de neglecta militia. Aristophanis Scholiast. Avibus. n Sigonius de Rep. Athen. • Demosthenes Midiana. P Lysias in locis citatis. q Isocrates ad Nicoclem. t Hesychius. laws, that this honour should belong to the kings: but in cares of necessity, as in their king's minority, a protector, or viceroy, called #godine, was substituted for the management of military, as well as civil affairs". It was under this character that Lycurgus reformed and new-modelled the Lacedæmonian polity, and commanded their armies, during the infancy of king Charilaus. Pausanias also was tutor to Plistarchus, when he led the Lacedæmonians, and the rest of the Grecians, against Mardonius, Xerxes's lieutenant, at Platea ". This only concerned their land-armies; for the laws made no provision for their fleets, their lawgiver having positively forbidden them to meddle with marine affairs. Wherefore, when they became masters of a navy, they confined not their elections of admirals to the royal house, but rather chose to commit that great trust to their most able and experienced seamen; as may appear from the instances of Lysander, and several others, who commanded the Spartan fleets, though never invested with royal power. Nor was it ordinarily permitted their kings, when intrusted with land-armies, to undertake the office of admiral. The only person honoured with those two commands at the same time, was the great Agesilaus *. The king, however limited and restrained when at home, was supreme and absolute in the army, it being provided, by a particular precept of the law, that all others should be subordinate to him, and ready to obey his commands. Notwithstanding this, he was not always left wholly to himself, and the prosecution of his own measures, it being customary for some of the magistrates, called ephori, to accompany him and assist him with their advice. To these, on some occasions, others were joined. When Agis had unadvisedly entered into a league with the Argians, at a time when it lay in his power to have forced them to accept of terms far more honourable to his country, the Spartans highly resented his imprudence, and enacted a decree, that he should never again command an army, without ten counsellors to go along with him. Whether the succeeding kings were hereby obliged, does not fully appear; but it seems probable they were not sent to the wars without a council, consisting, if not of the same, however of u Xenophon de Repub. Lacedæm. ▾ Plutarchus Lycurgo. Herodotus, Thucydides, Plutarchus, Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias. x Plutarchus Agesilao. y Herodotus, lib. vi. Thucydides, lib. v. z Xenophon ExAnuxŵ, lib. ii. a considerable number of the wisest men in Sparta. Agesipolis was attended with no less than thirty; and though the tenderness of his age might occasion that extraordinary provision, yet, in wars of great concern or danger, and such as were carried on in remote countries, kings of the greatest experience and most eminent for conduct, were not trusted without a great number of counsellors; for we are told, that Agesilaus himself, when he made his expedition into Asia, was obliged by a decree of the people, to take thirty along with him. Besides these, the general was guarded by three hundred valiant Spartans, called 'I, or horsemen, who fought about his person, and were much of the same nature with Romulus's lifeguards, called celeres, or light-horse, as Dionysius of Halicarnassus reports. Before him fought all those that had obtained prizes in the sacred games, which was looked upon as one of the most honourable posts in the army, and esteemed equivalent to all the glorious rewards conferred on those victors in other cities d. The chief of the subordinate officers was called noxiuagxos. The titles of the rest will easily be understood from the names of the parties under their command, being all derived from them; such 23, Λοχαγωγοί, Πεντηκοσῆρες, Ενωμοτάρχαι, &c. CHAP. VI. Of the several Divisions and Forms of the Grecian Army with other Military Terms. THE whole army, as compounded of horse and foot, was called κρατία. The front μέτωπον, οι πρῶτος ζυγός· the right-hand man of which, as in other places, was goτosάrns the wings, xigara, of which some make Pan, Bacchus's general in his Indian expedition, to have been the first inventor; the soldiers herein, and their leader, παραςάται those in the middle ranks, επισάται· the rear foxatos Cuyòs, oùgà, and the person that brought up the rear, ovgayòs, ἔσχατος or ¿zıotóquauge. which seem to have been common names for any others that obtained the like places in smaller bodies. Πεμπὰς was a party of five soldiers; its leader, Πιμπάδαρχος. a Xenophon 'Eλanunŵv lib. v. b Plutarchus Agesilao et Xenophon. Thucydides, lib. v. d Plutarchus Lycurgo. Orbicius. Asas of ten; its leader, Axadnexos. And so of the rest, Aoxos, consisted of eight, as others of twelve, or as some of sixteen, which was a complete .ixes, though some make that to contain no less than twenty-five. It is sometimes termed sizos, or deκανία, and its leader Λοχαγός. Δήμοιρια, οι Ημιλοχία, was an half λόχος; its leader Διμοιρίτης, οι Ημιλοχίτης. Συλλοχισμός was a conjunction of several λόχοι sometimes it is termed cusuris, which consisted of four half, or two complete xix, consisting of thirty-two men. Iisyτnxovτagxia, however the name imports only fifty, was usually a double gusaris, consisting of four λóza, or sixty-four men: whence its leader was not only termed Πεντηκόνταρχος, but Τετράρχες, aud for πεντηκονταρχία, we sometimes fud τετραρχία. Its com Εκατόνταρχία, sometimes called τάξις, consisted of two of the former, containing an hundred and twenty-eight men. mander was anciently called Tagingxos, but afterwards the name of Εκατόνταρχος generally prevailed. Το every ἑκατονταρχία were assigned five necessary attendants, called "ExTexto, as not being reckoned in the ranks with the soldiers. These were, 1. ErgaTongu, the crier, who conveyed by voice the words of command. He was usually a man of strong lungs: the most remarkable of any in story was Homer's Stentor, who, he tells us, was able to shout as loud as any fifty f. "Ενθα τᾶσ' ϋσε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ηρη, Heaven's empress mingles with the mortal crowd, POPE. 2. Enuogos, the ensign, remitted by signs the officer's commands to the soldiers; and was of use in conveying things not to be pronounced openly, or discovered, and when the noise of war drowned the crier's voice. 3. Zarifτns, or trumpeter, was necessary, as well to signify to the soldiers the will of their commanders, when dust rendered the two former useless, as to animate and encourage them, and on several other accounts. 4. 'Yrigirns, was a servant, that waited on the soldiers, to supply them with necessaries. These four were placed next to the foremost rank. f Iliad. i. v. 784. 5. Ovgayos, the lieutenant, brought up the rear, and took care that none of the soldiers were left behind, or deserted. Σύνταγμα, παράταξις, ψιλαγία, and, according to some, ξεναγία was compounded of two ražus, being made up of two hundred and fifty-six men. The commander, Zorrasμaτágxns. Πεντακοσιαρχία, οι ξεναγία, contained two συντάγματα, i. e. five hundred and twelve men. The commander's name was Птaxoiάgχης, οι Ξεναγός. Χιλιαρχία, σύσρεμμα, and (as some think), ξεναγία was the former doubled, and consisted of a thousand and twenty-four. The commander, Χιλίαρχος, Χιλίοτος, or Συτρεμματάρχης. Μεραρχία, by some called τέλος, by others ἐπιξεναγία, contained two of the former, i. e. two thousand and forty-eight. The commander, Μεράρχης, Τελάρχης, or Επίξιναίος. Φαλαγαρχία, sometimes called μέρος, ἀποτομὴ κέρατος, σίφος, and by the ancients sernia, was compounded of two Tian, and contained four thousand four score and sixteen; or four thousand and thirty-six, according to others. The officer, aλayságxus, and Στρατηγός. Διφαλαγγία κέρας, ἐπίταμα, and (as some think), μέρος, was almost a duplicate of the former; for it consisted of eight thousand one hundred and thirty-two. The commander's title was Kigens. Τετραβαλα γαρχαία contained about two διφαλαγίαι, or sixteen thousand three hundred fourscore and four. The commander, Teτροφαλαγγάρχης. Dana is sometimes taken for a party of twenty-eight men, sometimes of eight thousand; but a complete aλay is said to be the same with Τετραφαλα γαρχία. Several other numbers are signi fied by this name, it being frequently taken for the whole body of foot, and as often in general for any company of soldiers. Indeed the Grecian battles were usually ranged into an order peculiarly termed phalanx; which was of such strength, that it was able to bear any shock, with what violence soever charged upon them. The Macedonians were the most famous for this way of embattling; their phalanx is described by Polybius to be a square battail of pikemen, consisting of sixteen in flank, and five hundred in front; the soldiers standing so close together, that the pikes of the fifth rank were extended three feet beyond the front of the battail the rest, whose pikes were not serviceable by reason of their distance from the front, couched them upon the shoulders of those that stood before them; and so locking them together in |