duced by the coagulation of the protoplasm which, as Nuttall rightly observes, is more abundant here than in the lateral acini. It stains intensely with almost any stain. The granulations, however, always show a lack of regularity, and, notwithstanding their similarity to minute organized bodies, are upon careful manipulation of the light and focus readily recognized. At times it occurs also that the alcohol, if employed in killing and hardening the insect, has contracted the secretion of the cell and forced it upward against the basement membrane, closely appressing the nucleus to it, leaving thereby an empty space between itself and the cell end. Even under such condition there is a want of regularity of outline of the cell contents. In his description of the glands of the mosquito (Culex and Anopheles) Christophers* distinguishes between a clear or colloid and a granular type of cell. He refers the cells of the central acinus to the colloid type and those of the lateral acini to the granular. While this difference no doubt exists as a rule, too much importance cannot be laid upon it, for the granulation may be at times as little pronounced in the lateral acini as it may be prominent in the central one, and, in cross-sections of hardened and stained glands the middle lobe can be differentiated only by its location, rather than by the colloid nature of its contents. Under high magnification the granulations of the lateral acinus cells exhibit a greater regularity than those of the central one, and they appear then like minute dots. As it will be necessary to refer to the subject again further on, any other details need not be mentioned here. It may be remarked, however, that Christophers' statement in connection with peripheral cells is ambiguous and might be considered misleading, at least, as far as the glands of other than strictly normal mosquitoes are concerned.

THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF CONTAMINATED MOSQUITOES. The reasons for the supposition that in these structures the transmitted agent of yellow fever should be found, unless it really be of ultra-microscopic size, have been discussed already at large in the beginning of this paper. During the summer of 1902 the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service detailed a working party for the study of yellow fever to Vera

Report to the Malaria Committee. The Anatomy and Histology of the Adult Female Mosquito. By S. R. Christophers, M. B. Vict. London 1901.

+ Working Party No. 1, Yellow Fever Institute. Assistant Surgeon H. B. Parker, Chairman; A. A. Surgeon G. E. Beyer and A. A. Surgeon O. L. Pothier.

Cruz, Mexico, and caused the publication of the results of their investigations the following spring. This working party in the course of the examination of prepared material, encountered several parasitic forms in various parts of the contaminated mosquitoes, from which they endeavored tentatively to construct the life history of a single organism. These subsequently proved to be two or three specific organisms, among them a Saccharomycete as demonstrated by Carroll, and a Protozoan, Nosema, described and figured by the French Commission in Brazil, the animal character of which parasite Carroll failed to "recognize," and dismissed in his recent criticism of Myxococcidium as "amorphous masses." The majority of these organisms were later encountered in uncontaminated mosquitoes, and in consequence dismissed as causative factors of the disease. However, in their report, this Working Party also described and figured in the glands of contaminated mosquitoes peculiar structures which could be in no way held consistent with the appearance of normal glands, nor could they be regarded as artefacts. All of these structures occurred either Iwithin the cells or between the cells and the basement membrane of the acini, and were apparently a cystic condition of an animal parasite, and as such accepted by the members of the working party.* It was also found that these cysts in other mosquitoes of approximately the same age after contamination had increase-1 in size until they completely filled the cell within which they were imbedded, and had then broken up by repeated division into an innumerable number of exceedingly minute bodies of a nearly hyaline character. These minute bodies were then termed "Sporozɔites," and regarded practically of greater importance than the other forms or phases already referred to. These "Sporozoites," found during the early part of the fall of 1902, were submitted in the beginning of 1903 for examination and corroboration to a widely known and competent authority on Protozoa, Mr. J. C. Smith, of New Orleans, and by him also unqualifiedly pronounced to be the result of the multiple division of an animal organism.

In a paper published in the Journal of the American Medical Associationt Dr. Carroll makes the statement that the working

A number of hand drawings were prepared with the camera lucida but only two of these were published in the report (Figs. 29 and 30).

†The etiology of Yellow Fever, an addendum by James Carroll, M. D., First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, Washington.

party had since abandoned the bodies containing sporozoites (?), because "they no longer regarded them as of importance," and that the chairman of the party was his (Dr. Carroll's) authority for this statement. Dr. Carroll further refers to the subject by quoting that the chairman of the working party omitted to mention these supposed sporozoites in a more recent article on the "Etiology of Yellow Fever" in the Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons.

The first statement of having abandoned off hand anything so important and abnormal as "bodies containing sporozoites" should have, at least, been modified so as to apply to the opinion of the single person, instead of the plurality, who were not aware that such a statement had been made. In connection with the second statement, it may be said that omitting mention of the supposed sporozoites in a later personal article by the chairman need not or does not imply the refutation of a prior assertion of the existence of these organisms.

To continue the work of investigation the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service dispatched a second working party* to Vera Cruz in the spring of 1903. The purposes of this party were manifold, and it was therefore necessary to formulate concise plans of procedure to unravel apparently new complications which had developed by the alleged discoveries of working party No. 1.

It was in the first place necessary to collect as much material as possible in the form of prepared normal and contaminated mosquitoes and to feed these mosquitoes, beforehand, on various substances, such as syrup, fruit-juices, and blood. It was also necessary to kill the insects at various ages, those chiefly covering the period of incubation of twelve days or more. It also had to be determined whether the organism found by working party No. 1 was the cause of the disease in man, and whether the phases described were such of a single organism or phases of several, and which one, if any, was to be connected with the etiology of the disease, and what was the nature of this connection. It had to be further demonstrated

Vol. XIII, No. 4, October, 1903.

Working Party No. 2, Yellow Fever Institute. Passed Assistant Surgeon Herman B. Parker, Chairman (recalled June 8, 1903), Assistant Surgeon Edward Francis, Temporary Chairman and in charge of Laboratory Jalapa, and A. A. Surgeon G. E. Beyer in charge Laboratory Vera Cruz. Passed Assistant Surgeon J. M. Rosenau, Director of Hygienic Laboratory, arrived in Vera Cruz, September 17th, as new Chairman.