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torial Sovereignty, it begins with the semi-independent powers and follows historically the international development of Europe, clearly indicating the spiritual forces that were dominant and persuasive in evolving these powers into modern states. There were wars and bloody battles in this process, enough of them, but behind it all and through it all there was the ever present designer, in the shadows perhaps, weaving the threads of black and white, red and gold, into the tapestries which were to be the "covering of earth." These designers were not always far-sighted; the ends they sought were not always wise or patriotic, but they ruled men and nations by their intellectual power and their ability to make their own ideas prevalent. It is the conflict of ideas and the triumph of policies that is supremely interesting, and the ends attained through these intellectual forces are far more important and enduring than are the results secured by war. They have fewer wrongs to be avenged, no wounds to be healed. The lesson to be learned out of it all is that these intellectual forces are greater than armies; and the results of diplomacy are more far-reaching than of those merely physical activities represented in the movements of armies and navies. Reading this volume with this understanding of its purposes; considering these spiritual influences as the essence of diplomatic action, we find this history, like Elisha's mountain, full of horses and chariots of fire. This volume begins with the Anglo-French quarrel (1313), and ends with the congress and peace of Westphalia (1648). It deals with the relations of France, Spain, Germany, England and Italy, the growth of the reformation and the development of early permanent international traditions.

Italy was the battlefield but the prize

was the primacy of Europe.

At the beginning of this period the papal mediation and influence are clearly and impartially told. Then follow the decline of the papal power, the passing of mediævalism and the rising of national sentiments and life.

The important part which commerce and trade played in strengthening national power and bringing about negotiations and treaties, those products of diplomacy, is well illustrated in the account of the rise of the Hanseatic league, a

government without territory, an influence surpassing that of most of the kingdoms within whose borders it carried on trade.

It maintained armies and navies, and was a power that existed for years, and while it may not have been a determining force in national development, it taught the nations the necessity of conserving commercial

interests and giving at least police protection to commercial activities. The material side of civic life then began to receive attention from governments, and the church, which had sought world-wide dominion, had to give way in the field of organized governments to the nations then rising into life and power. With the French expansion, Italian diplomacy, that is, Italian methods and conceptions, began to extend over Europe, bringing about a gradual transformation. "Political equilibrium,” which had served to preserve the peace of Italy, became a political theory among the nations of Europe, and, perhaps, their only hope of safety. Diplomacy thus worked out the problem of controlling nations by intellectual association. The struggle for supremacy in Italy and the international influence of the reformation are told with an accuracy and clearness that hold the reader's attention and make the influence and power of diplomacy apparent at every point. The rise of the city-states in Italy and the national monarchies in Europe produced some new political theories and opened a wide field for diplomatic activity. Machiavelli's political philosophy (?) receives attention and at least one good result of his works is discovered by Doctor Hill. He says:

By systematically epitomizing the theory of personal despotism, Machiavelli made an important contribution to its final overthrow.

The last chapter gives the conception of the state as sovereign, the genesis of international jurisprudence, and the significance of the Thirty Years' War. The volume concludes with the inception, organization. and conclusion of the congress and peace of Westphalia.

The facts of history are given in a clear, dispassionate and interesting style characteristic of Doctor Hill's treatment of historical matter. The actors are all upon the scene and their parts are well spoken while the spiritual forces are prominent factors before the reader.

This work is a large contribution to systematized knowledge, giving a clear conception of the field of diplomacy and strengthening the faith that the day will come when all international relations will be fixed and governed by diplomatic intercourse. The international policemen, armies and navies, will still be needed for the lawless, the revolutionist and the pirate, but the law-abiding people of every civilized country will settle their international differences by peaceful methods and before international tribunals. This is the final goal of diplomacy.

CHARLES WILLIS NEEDHAM.

Droit International. Les lois de la guerre et la neutralité. Par Fernand Verraes. (Bruxelles: Schepens. 1906. 2 vols.) In his preface, M.

Verraes says that it is a fundamental error to deduce international law from international practice; in his view, international law is a moral science in which

practice alone has real value when it is founded on justice and reason; reason and conscience have here, as for other branches of law, supreme authority.

A work constructed on these principles may have some value as a treatise on international morality; it is not international law. The author neglects the precedents of international practice and constructs a treatise which mingles in a confused mass what is international law and what he thinks should be international law. The result is worthless for practical purposes. The work is also open to the criticism of lack of proportion; some important subjects are omitted, and others are inadequately discussed; the treatment of the law of war on land is the best in the work, for here the author deals with the positive principles laid down by the Hague convention for the regulation of that subject.

Older treatises are freely quoted where they sustain the author's views, but there is practically no reference to later treatises, or to recent monographic literature. Such works as Perel's Das internationale öffentliche Seerecht, and Kleen's Lois et usages de la neutralité could have been consulted to much advantage.

W. F. DODD.

Lettres et papiers du Chancelier Comte de Nesselrode. 1760-1850. Publiés et annotés avec une introduction par le comte A. de Nesselrode. (v. 1-4. Paris: A. Lahure. 1904-05.) The publication of Nesselrode's papers and correspondence is an important event in the field of European diplomatic history of the nineteenth century. The first four volumes reach 1812, hardly the beginning of Nesselrode's important diplomatic career, and the later volumes will be awaited with much. interest.

La doctrine de Monroë et l'Amérique Latine. Par Daniel Antokoletz. (Paris: Emile Larose. 1905. pp. iii, 208.) This is a doctoral dissertation written in a spirit decidedly hostile to the United States. The author regards the policy of the United States as one of constant aggression against the weaker American states. His positive suggestions are embodied under the title Le péril nord-américain et son remède possible, in which he urges the formation of a confederation of the states of Central and South America.

Commerce in war. By L. A. Atherly-Jones, assisted by H. H. L. Bellot. (London: Methuen and Co. 1907.) This work it intended, in the words of the authors,

to provide a full exposition of the rules of international law which govern the commercial relations of the subjects of neutral and belligerent states.

It will be reviewed in a later number of the JOURNAL.

Volume ii, no. 4 of the Revista de derecho internacional y política exterior is given up almost entirely to papers upon the Moroccan conference at Algeciras.

La codification du droit international privé. Bulletin des conférences de la Haye, is a new periodical publication in the field of private international law. It is edited by the well-known scholar, T. M. C. Asser, and is published at the Hague by Helinfate, under the auspices of the government of the Netherlands.

Professor E. J. Benton of Adelbert College is Albert Shaw lecturer upon international law and diplomacy at the Johns Hopkins University for 1906-1907. His lectures upon Questions of International Law and Diplomacy involved in the Spanish-American War will be issued in book form by the Johns Hopkins University Press.

Professor Joseph Delpech has an extensive article in the Revue Générale de droit international public for November-December, 1906, upon the recent conference (June-July, 1906) for the revision of the Geneva convention. The article covers nearly a hundred pages and forms an extensive commentary upon the work of the conference.

A recent German work which should be of much interest to Americans is: Fahnenflucht und Verletzung der Wehrpflicht durch Auswanderung. Eine rechtwissenschaftliche und politische Studie zu den Deutsch-amerikanischen Bancroftverträgen, by Ludwig Bendix. (Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt. 1906. pp. xxx, 540.) This book will be reviewed in a later number of the JOURNAL.

Ernest Denis, La fondation de l'empire allemand. (Paris: Armand Colin. 1906. pp. viii, 528), is largely a study of the diplomatic history of the unification of Germany.

Das Kriegsrecht zu Lande in seiner neuesten Gestaltung by Albert Zorn (Berlin: Heymann. 1906), will be reviewed in a later number of the JOURNAL.

The History of the Papacy in the XIX Century, by Dr. Fredrik Nielsen Translated under the direction of Arthur James Mason. (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co. 1906. 2 vols.) This is a translation of

a work by a learned Danish scholar. The history has reached the year 1878, and another volume is planned to cover the papacy of Leo XIII. The volumes now translated contain much of interest to the student of recent diplomatic history.

Reviews will appear in a subsequent number of the JOURNAL of the following works:

International Law. A treatise by L. Oppenheim, LL.D. 2 vols., 1905-1906. Longmans, Green and Company.

The International Law and Diplomacy of the Russo-Japanese War. By Amos S. Hershey, Ph.D. The Macmillan Company. 1906.

The Austinian Theory of War. By W. Jethro Brown. John Murray, 1906.

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