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and foreign powers, in 1851, including imports and exports, amounted in value to 2,787 millions francs, official value. This is 82 millions, or 3 per cent, more than the total of the preceding year; and 320 million, or 13 per cent, more than the average of the five previous years.

The course of the foreign Commerce of France, during the last fifteen years, is exhibited in the following table, in official values and in periods of five years.

SECOND PERIOD.

THIRD PERIOD.

FIRST PERIOD.

Years. Imports. Exports. Total. Years. Imports. Exports. Total. Years. Imports. Exports. Total Million francs. Million francs. 1837 808 758 1,566 1842 1,142 940 2,082 1847 1838 937 956 1,893 1843 1,187 992 2,179 1848 1839 947 1,003 1,950 1844 1,193 1,147 2,340 1849 1840 1,052 1,011 2,063 1845 1,240 1,187 2,427 1850 1841 1,121 1,066 2,187 1846 1,257 1,180 2,437 1851

Million francs. 1,343 1,271 2,614

862

1,153 2,015

1,142

1,423 2,565

1,174

1,531 2,705

1,158

1,629 2,787

Total 4,865 4,794 9,659 Total 6,019 5,446 11,465 Total 5,679

7,007 12,685

Increase 2d period over 1st

19 per cent.

31 per cent.

Increase 3d period over 1st
Increase 3d period over 2d...

11 per cent.

According to the rate of actual values fixed for the year 1851, the trade of France has altogether increased only to the amount of 2,614 million francs. This is 173 million francs, or 7 per cent less than the above total of 2,787 million.

Of this total amount of 2,787 million francs, the imports are 1,158 million francs, the exports 1,629 million francs. The value of inports is 16 million francs less than in 1850, and 2 million francs more than the average of five years. In exports there has been an increase of 98 million francs, or 6 per cent, compared with those of 1850, and 318 million francs, compared with the average of five years.

Taking actual values instead of official values, we have a total of imports of 1,094 million francs, instead of 1,158 million francs, and of exports of 1,520 million francs, instead of 1,629 million francs-a difference of 64 million francs and 109 million francs, or 6 and 7 per cent.

These comparisons apply to general Commerce.

The total value of special Commerce is 2,020 million francs. This is 116 million francs, or 6 per cent, more than that of 1850, and 271 million franes more than the average of the five preceding years.

In actual values the total of 2,020 million francs is reduced to 1,923 million francs, which is 97 million francs, or 5 per cent, less.

Of the total official amount of special Commerce, 781 million francs are for imports, and 1,239 million francs are for exports. The corresponding amounts of last year, and the average of five years are, imports 781 million francs and 803 million francs; exports 1,124 million francs and 947 million francs. The excess of exports is 10 and 30 per cent.

The total actual value of the special Commerce of the year is 765 million francs imports, and 1,158 million francs exports; this is 2 and 7 per cent less than the official values.

COMMERCE BY SEA AND LAND.

Of the total official value of 2,787 million francs, the proportion of goods conveyed by sea and by land was 72 and 28 per cent. This is the same proportion as in 1850, and also for the average of five years. The imports by sea, however, have fallen off, as compared with those by land, while the reverse is the case as to exports.

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The proportion in official value is 63 to 37 per cent in imports, and 78 to 22 per cent in exports. The proportion was nearly the same for exports in 1850. In imports the proportion was 66 to 34 per cent-a difference of 3 per cent.

MARITIME TRADE.

Of 1,999 million francs, the official amount of trade by sea, the amount of goods under the French flag was 953 million francs, or 48 per cent. Under foreign flags 1,046 million francs, or 52 per cent.

This is the same proportion as in 1850, and for the average of five years. Of the total of 953 million francs, the value of trade under the French flag, 271 million francs belong to privileged trade, which is an increase 22 per cent, compared with 1850, and of 12 per cent compared with the average of five years.

There has been a falling off of 5 per cent from 1850 in the trade under the French flag open to foreign competition, but on the average of five years, there has been a gain of 10 per cent.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS TOGETHER.

Of the total trade of France with her colonies and foreign powers, the share of the following countries placed in the order of their importance was 70 per cent:-England, United States, Belgium, Sardinia, Spain, the German Customs Union, Turkey, and Brazil; the share of the French colonies, per cent.

9

IMPORTS, COUNTRY OF ORIGIN.

The imports into France from Belgium (in general Commerce) amounted to 181 million francs, which is 15 per cent more than the previous year, and 37 per cent more than the five years' average.

The value of products from that country which entered into domestic consumption, was but 101 million francs. This is a falling off of 3 per cent on the previous year, and an increase of 7 per cent on the average of five years.

Switzerland comes next to Belgium in general imports, which amounted to 134 million francs. This is within 1 million of the same amount as in 1850, and an advance of 19 million francs, or 17 per cent, on the average of five years. The special import trade from Switzerland remained the same as in 1850, and as the average of five years, the amount being 24 million francs.

The value of imports from the United States in general Commerce fell off from 137 million, in 1850, to 129 million, in 1851, a decrease of 6 and 15 per cent. The amount of special Commerce with that power was 122 million against 123 million, in 1850, and 128 million, the average of five

years.

The general trade with England increased to 109 million francs, and the

special trade to 66 million francs. The figures for the preceding year are 122 million and 105 million francs, general Commerce, and 691 million and 62 million francs, special Commerce. This is a decrease, compared with 1850, of 13 million francs and 3 million francs. An increase, compared with the average of five years, of 4 million francs, in both general and special trade.

There has been a falling off since 1850 in the general import trade from Sardinia of 2 per cent, from Turkey of 16 per cent, from Spain of 9 per cent. The imports from the Customs Union have increased 10 per cent. In imports for home consumption, the trade with Sardinia has increased 6 per cent, but with Turkey, Spain, and the Customs Union, it has fallen off 4, 11, and 12 per cent.

The amount of Algerian products consumed is 16 million francs, instead of 5 million francs, which is an increase of 206 per cent; that of the produce of the Isle of Réunion amounted to 30 million francs, or 1 million francs less than in 1850.

The amount of imports from Guadaloupe is 31 million francs instead of 25 million francs; from Martinique 12 million francs against 11 million francs in 1850.

EXPORTS OR COUNTRY OF DESTINATION.

In the export trade, England stands first. The value of goods of all kinds exported from France to that country is 354 million francs, of which 278 million francs are for articles of French production. This is an increase of 20 per cent in general and 23 per cent in special Commerce.

The United States come next. They took of French exports of all kinds 237 million francs, and of the products of France 134 million francs. This is a falling off on the past year of 13 and 24 per cent.

The exports to Belgium, which stands third in the order of importance, amounted to 136 million francs (general Commerce), and 124 million francs (special Commerce), which is an increase of 16 and 23 per cent.

There has been an increase of 3 and 9 per cent in the official value of the exports to Switzerland: 108 million francs and 61 million francs against 105 million francs and 56 million francs.

The total exports to Sardinia increased from 82 million francs and 58 million francs, the amount in 1850, to 87 million francs and 65 million franes or 7 and 12 per cent. There was a falling off of 20 million francs and 9 million francs or 19 and 13 per cent, in exports to Spain.

Exports to the German Customs' Union amounted to 54 million franes, of which 47 million francs were French products. The results differ a lit

tle from last year.

Exports to Brazil increased 49 per cent in general and 51 per cent in special Commerce, or from 33 million francs and 22 million francs to 49 million francs and 33 million francs.

The total value of goods sent to Turkey in 1850 was 36 million franes. In 1851, it fell to 32 million francs or 10 per cent. The export of French products to that power was about the same as in 1850, 23 million francs.

To Chili, Mexico, the Low Countries, the Two Sicilies, the Hanseatic towns, Peru, the Spanish American Possessions and Austria, the export of of French products has increased in different degrees; but the exports to Prussia, Tuscany, Hayti and Egypt, have fallen off.

The general export trade to Algeria which amounted to 88 million francs.

in 1850, and the special export trade, which amounted to 76 million francs, have increased 11 million francs and 18 million francs or 13 and 25 per cent All the French colonies, excepting the possessions in India, have imported more freely from the mother country. The increase in official values was 66 per cent for Martinique, 51 per cent for Guadaloupe, 7 per cent for Reunion, and 4 per cent for Cayenne.

COUNTRIES IMPORTED FROM AND EXPORTED TO.

The following is the debit and credit account of the trade of France in 1851 with the ten powers with which it has had the largest dealings, taking special Commerce as the basis of comparison, and including imports and exports :

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This table shows that the value of merchandise of French production exported to the principal powers, and particularly to England, Belgium, Spain, Switzerland and Brazil, is considerably greater than the value of products imported. The difference in favor of France as regards the United States is less, while the imports from Sardinia, Tuscany and the Two Sicilies are greater than the exports.

NATURE OF IMPORTS.

Of the aggregate of imports 1,058,000,000 francs (official value), 1,094,000,000 francs (actual value), the value of raw materials was 697 million franes (official value), 687 million franes (actual value). This is 60 per cent of the total amount given above, in official values. In 1850, the proportion of raw material was 61 per cent official value. Of this total import of raw materials 76 per cent was for the supply of the factories against 77 per cent in 1850.

The value of articles of consumption in the natural state has fallen from 189 million franes (official value), and 173 million francs (actual value), in 1850, to 181 million and 163 million francs in general trade. In special trade the results are as follows: 1850, 137 million (official value), 131 million francs (actual value); 1851, 144 million francs (official value), 129 million (actual value).

There has been an increase in the official value of the general trade in manufactured articles from 263 million francs, the amount in 1850, to 280 million francs.

But in special trade there has been a falling off of 1 million francs, from 42 million francs to 41 million francs. The actual value of these products was 219 million francs and 41 million francs, in 1850, 244 million francs and 41 million francs.

Of the articles the special import trade in which has undergone the most

fluctuation, there has been a decrease of 12 million francs or 21 per cent in wool, of 4 million francs or 4 per cent in silk, of 3 million francs in raw hides, indigo, copper, lard and tallow. Of this last amount of 3 million francs, the proportion of the first article is 7 per cent, of the second 41 per cent, of the third 21 per cent, of the fourth 78 per cent. On the other hand, the value of leaf tobacco delivered to government exceeded by 10 milmillion francs that of last year, and the value of gold dust 9 million franes. Of articles of consumption in the natural state, coffee, table fruits, oleag inous seeds, nuts, show an increase of 1 million to 2 million francs each. Colonial sugars, a decrease of 2 million francs.

Linen and hempen fabrics and straw hats are the only articles presenting any noticeable change; and in these the diminution is 1 1-2 million francs, 13 per cent, and 1 million francs, 24 per cent.

NATURE OF EXPORTS.

We have seen that the total official value of exports of goods of every kind was 1,630 million francs, or 6 per cent more than in 1850. In this amount the proportion between natural products and manufactured articles, is about the same as in 1850, 32 per cent to 68 per cent. The actual value differs but little from the official in natural products, it is 521 million francs instead of 526 million francs; but in manufactured articles it falls from 1,104 million francs to 999 million francs.

Since 1850 there has been an increase of 9 per cent in the first and 5 per cent in the second class of articles.

In special Commerce the official value of articles in the natural state was 386 million francs, that of manufactured articles 852 million francs; this is an increase of 19 per cent and 7 per cent. Here the actual value of natu ral products is greater by 5 millions (391 million francs) than the total of official values, but the actual value of manufactured articles is less by 85 million francs, (767 million francs.)

Almost the whole of the increase in the export of the natural products of France, is in cereals and wines. Of this increase, 22 million francs is for the cereals (96 million to 74 million francs), 10 million francs for wines (80 million to 70 million francs), 7 million francs for brandies and spirits of wine (30 million to 23 million francs).

In manufactured articles there is an increase of 26 million francs in cotton fabrics (165 million to 139 million francs); of 6 million francs in woolen fabrics (132 million to 126 million francs); of 6 million francs in prepared skins (37 million to 31 million francs); and on the other hand a falling off of 4 million francs in silks (204 million instead of 208 million francs). This last result corresponds with the loss of 1 million francs in silk in the export of natural products.

In the aggregate, the actual rates of valuation are higher than the official as regards silks, bareges, manufactures of metals, hides prepared, tanned and dressed, hardware, toys, horses and cattle. They are lower on cotton, linen, woolen and hempen stuffs; on grains, glass, refined sugars, dyes, hair for spinning and hat making, grains and oil seeds. From these differences we have the following results in products exported:

1. Actual values higher than official values :Silks. Wines, &c..

.francs. 35,000,000 | Prepared Skins......francs. 14,000,000

Manufactures of Metal..

20,000,000 Hardware, &c...

15,000,000 Horses and Cattle..

17,000,000

7,000,000

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