Bars too closely resembling the Stars and Stripes, the Confederate Congress adopted a white flag with one blue star in the center. Another variation commonly used was a white field with blue diagonal stripes and white stars, and a plece of fringe at the outer edge. Some of the army corps adopted a battle flag with a red ground, blue diagonal cross, and white stars. Stars and Stripes. (See Flag.) State Banks. (See Banks, State.) State Constitutions. (See Constitutions, State.)

State Courts. (See Courts, State.)
State Debts, Assumption of.-Early in
the second session of the First Congress
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treas-
ury, recommended that in order to restore
public credit the Federal Government should
fund and pay the foreign debt of the Con-
federation ($13,000,000), the domestic debt
($42,000,000) and also that it assume and
pay the unpaid debt of the States. Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jer-
sey, and South Carolina favored the plan.
Virginia strongly opposed the latter clause.
She was sustained in her opposition by
Maryland, Georgia, and New Hampshire.
The influence of North Carolina thrown
against the measure defeated it for the
time, but it was revived later, and passed
Aug. 4, 1790, it was claimed, by a com-
bination of its friends with those of the
measure locating the Federal capital on
the Potomac. The amount authorized to
be assumed by the Government in the
liquidation of the State debts was $21,500,-
000, but the amount actually assumed was
$3,250,000 less than that sum.
State Debts:

Contracted abroad, discussed, 1940.
Guaranty of, by General Govern-
ment discussed, 2064.
Injure public credit, 2061.
Referred to, 1769.

Repudiation of contracts referred to,
1962.

State, Department of.-This Department of the federal government had its origin In a Committee of Correspondence, which was appointed Nov. 29, 1775, to invoke foreign aid in behalf of the American Colonies. This committee was succeeded by the Committee of Foreign Affairs, which was created by an act of the Continental Congress, April 17, 1777. "A plan for the Department of Foreign Affairs" was reported to Congress in January, 1781, and the Department was organized Aug. 10 of that year; Robert R. Livingston was made Secretary and he filled the position until June 4. 1783. On the retirement of Livingston the Department of Foreign Affairs practically ceased to exist for about a year, Congress managing the foreign relations of the country through committees. Sept. 21, 1784, John Jay was appointed Secretary and the functions of the office were revived.

After the acceptance of the Constitution Congress passed a law entitled "an act for establishing an Executive Department to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs." This became a law on July 27, 1789, and John Jay, being in charge of the old Department, was continued temporarily in charge of the new one. The existence of this Department, however, was destined to be brief, for on Sept. 15 following, an

act of Congress was approved which provided that "the Executive Department denominated the Department of Foreign Af fairs, shall hereinafter be denominated the Department of State, and the principal officer shall hereafter be called the Secretary of State," and on Sept. 26 Thomas Jef ferson was made Secretary.

The Secretary of State is charged, under the direction of the President, with duties appertaining to correspondence with the public ministers and the consuls of the United States, and with the representatives of foreign powers accredited to the United States; and to negotiations of whatever character relating to the foreign atairs of the United States. He is also the medium of correspondence between the President and the chief executives of the several states of the United States; he has the custody of the Great Seal of the United States, and countersigns and affixes such seal to all executive proclamations, to various commissions, and to warrants for the extradition of fugitives from justice. He is also the custodian of the treaties made with foreign States, and of the laws of the United States. grants and issues passports, and exequaturs to foreign consuls in the United States are issued through. his office. He publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of new states into the Union.

He

The scope of the department has been so enlarged that it is now the most important branch of the government, though many of its original functions have been transferred to other departments.

A

According to the law of April 10, 1790, the Department was given charge of the patent business, which it retained until 1849, when the work was given over to the new Department of the Interior. law passed May 31, 1790, made the Department of State the repository of maps, charts, and books for which copyright might be granted by United States district courts, but in 1859 these records were turned over to the Department of the Interior and later to the Library of Congress, where the business is now conducted. From 1790 until 1850 the Department also cared for the enumeration of the census, but in the latter year that work was given to the Department of the Interior, from which, in 1903, it was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor. Territorial affairs were also under the care of the Department of State until the organization of the Department of the Interior in 1849.

In 1853 an Assistant Secretary of State was provided by law with power to act as Secretary during the latter's absence or during an interregnum. A Second Assistant Secretary was provided for in 1866, and in 1875 the office of Third Assistant Secretary was created.

In 1848 the office of Examiner of Claims was created, whose duties were to examine claims of our citizens against foreign governments and of foreigners against our Government, but when the Department of Justice was formed, in 1870, this office passed under its jurisdiction. In 1891 the title of this office was changed to Solicitor for the Department of State. In 1856 the Statistical Office of the Department of State was established; in 1874 the title was changed to Bureau of Statistics and a year later it was again changed to the Bureau of Foreign Commerce and in 1903 transferred to the Department of Commerce

and Labor and made a part of its Bureau of Statistics. The Bureau of Indexes was established in 1870, the Bureau of Accounts in 1873; and the Bureau of Rolls and Library in 1874. Work originally done by the Home Bureau has since been given to the Passport Bureau and the Bureau of Appointments. Other important Bureaus are the Diplomatic Bureau which has charge of all correspondence between the Department and our diplomatic agents abroad and foreign diplomatic agents in the United States, prepares treaties, etc.; and the Consular Bureau. The Bureau of Trade Relations was established in 1903 to manage the work of the consular officials in obtaining reports for the Department of Commerce and Labor. Under this department are also placed the United States Representatives on International Tribunals of Egypt, and the Bureau of American Republics.

Following is a list of the Secretaries of State and the Presidents under whom they served.

Diplomatic Bureau. Director of Consular Service.

Egypt. Tribunals of. Exequaturs. Extradition.

Extradition Treaties.

Far Eastern Affairs. Foreign Relations.

Presidential Succes

sion.

Proclamations. Second Assistant Secretary of State. Solicitor for the State Department. State Rights and State Sovereignty. Third Assistant Secretary of State. Trade Adviser. Trade Information and Publicity. Treaties.

State, Department of:

Agents employed by, without express provisions of law, 2004, 2134.

Amount charged to, for service rendered by naval vessels, 3660. Appropriations and expenditures of, referred to, 4381.

Building for

Construction and completion of, 4301, 4524, 4638.

Illustration of, frontispiece, Volume VII.

Recommended, 2704, 4060.

Carriages, horses, etc., maintained by, 6862.

Change in laws relating to management of, referred to, 4587.

Changes made in force of, referred to, 6178.

Clerks in, referred to, 3585, 3799, 4654. Contingent fund of bureaus in, estimates for, referred to, 5120. Historical archives in, 6099.

Historical manuscripts in, plan for publishing, referred to, 5198. Increase of work of, 7022.

Lincoln..

Johnson..

1865

Grant..

Elihu B. Washburn, Illinois.

1869

Hamilton Fish, New York.

1869

Hayes..

William M. Evarts, New York..

1877

Garfield.

Trade factor, 7415, 7502, 7599.
Transfer of—

Patent Office from, to Attorney-
General, recommended, 2265.
Portion of business of, recom-
mended, 1024, 2704.

Territorial affairs from, to Interior
Department recommended, 4060,
4145.

State of the Union, discussed by Presi-
dent-

Adams, J. Q., 865, 916, 944, 978.
Arthur, 4822.

Buchanan, 2967, 3028, 3051, 3083,
3157, 3191, 3200.

Cleveland, 4909, 5358, 6146.
Fillmore, 2613.

Grant, 3981, 4050, 4107, 4138, 4238,
4259, 4286 4353.

Harrison, Benjamin, 5467, 5542, 5741.
Hayes, 3656, 3690, 3755, 3799.
Jackson, 1005, 1063, 1107, 1154, 1366,
1511.

Jefferson, 316, 344, 349, 373.

Johnson, 3551, 3570, 3589, 3593, 3643,
3756, 3837, 3871.

Lincoln, 3245, 3255, 3334, 3389, 3452.
McKinley, 6307.

Madison, 524, 552, 558.

Monroe. 623, 642, 667, 776, 791, 817.
Pierce, 2740, 2806, 2874, 2930.
Polk, 2321, 2382, 2479.

Roosevelt, 6645, 6709, 6710, 6894,
6973.

Taylor, 2547.

Tyler, 1927, 2047, 2110, 2187.

Van Buren, 1590, 1700, 1746, 1819.
Washington, 95, 175, 205.

State, Secretary of:

Appointments by, referred to, 1965.
Flag for, 8887.

Letter to, regarding Lousiana prov-
ince, 336.

Report of, 26, 334, 384, 430, 637, 652,
1131, 6346.

South America visited by, 7059,
8887.

War administration details vested in,
8371.

State, War and Navy Building:

Construction of, 4301, 4524, 4638.
Illustration of, frontispiece, Volume
VII.

Staten Island, sale of fortifications on,
to United States proposed, 934.
State Rights. (See Powers of Federal
and State Governments.)

States of the Church. (See Italy; Pa-
pal States.)

States of the Union. (See also the sev-

eral States):

Accounts of the United States with,

133.

Act-

Containing provisions denying
certain right to protect them.
selves with militia, discussed,
3670, 3871.

Granting lands to-

For benefit of insane persons ve-
toed, 2780.

Reasons for applying pocket ve-
to, 1275.

To provide colleges in, vetoed,
3074.

To pay moneys collected under di-
rect tax of 1861 to Territories,
District of Columbia, and, ve-
toed, 5422.

To settle claims of, reasons for ap-
plying pocket veto to, 1200.
Admission of, see article Admission
of States.

Admission of, discussed and recom-
mendations regarding, 3033, 3086.
Agitation in, growing out of slavery
discussed. (See Slavery.)

Alliances between, discouraged, 209.
Amicable relations between, desired,
2806.

Area of, and extent of public domain
in, referred to, 2768.

Commerce between, discussed, 3560.
Constitutional rights of. (See pow-
ers of Federal and State Govern-
ments.)

Debts contracted by, abroad, dis-
cussed, 1940.

Guaranty of, by General Govern-
ment, discussed, 2064.

Injure public credit, 2061.
Referred to, 1769.

Repudiation of contracts by, re-

ferred to, 1962.

Disbursements made within Terri-
tories and, 1045.
Education in.

(See Education.)

Federal Government in, uniform op-
eration of, suggested, 1024.
Funds deposited with-

May be necessary to use portion
of, 1458.

Not intended as a gift, 1458.
Referred to, 1823.

Governments to be reestablished in
Southern States. (See Confederate
States.)

Indebtedness of, to United States re-
ferred to, 379.

Insurrection, existence of, in certain,
proclaimed, 3238, 3293, 3366.
Proclamations declaring insurrec
tion at an end, 3515, 3627, 3632.
Tax upon real estate in, declared
a lien on same, 3293.

Lands-

Granted to-

For educational purposes, 1029,
1045, 3587, 4206.

In aid of internal improve-
ments, etc., discussed, 4065,
4206, 5380.

Purchased in, by United States re-
ferred to, 892, 893.
Legislation to secure property and
enforce law in, recommended, 4081.
Measures and weights of, sets of,
made for, 1477.

Payment or assumption of stocks of,
by General Government referred
to, 1907.

Powers of. (See Powers of Federal
and State Governments.)
Prisoners in, provisions for. (See
Imprisonment.)

Reconstruction of Southern States.