1910-1

111,791,980

France $ 72,683,180 61,565,559 74,102,439

40,595,204*

36,889,158

1913-4

136,858,301

1914-5

141,872,786**

1915-6

152,821,540

49,550,147†

48,105,152

56,920,440†† 69,111,6538

130,975,440

63,000,000

1916-7

169,967,766

155,829,390

73,000,000

1917-8

1,214,995,767

226,061,278

85,000,000

616,740,797

1918-9

Accidents in, resulting from criminal negligence in use of steam power, discussed, 1253.

Advancement in science of nautical affairs, 2670.

Appropriation for improvement of, recommended, 2666.

Bridges so constructed over waters as to obstruct, discussed, 4934. Depressed state of, 559.

Extension of laws of, etc., referred to, 2544.

Laws of, having tendency to prolong War of 1812, should be revised, 525.

Prosperous condition of, 2404.

Referred to, 74, 77, 78, 81, 95, 227, 318, 346, 470, 480, 559, 2571. Treaty with Spain regarding, 106,

110, 164.

Utility of canal, explained, 482, 785. Navigation Act.-An important move in England's struggle with the Dutch for possession of the carrying trade of the world. The act was first promulgated in 1645, amplified in 1650, and renewed with a few changes by Charles II. in 1660. It related to five subjects-coasting trade, fisheries, commerce with the colonies, commerce with European countries, and commerce with Asia, Africa and America. The clauses of importance to American history were those providing that all colonial trade should be carried on in ships built and owned in England and the colonies and that in the case of many specified goods trade should be confined to English markets. The former clause acted as a powerful stimulant to colonial shipbuilding. The act was rendered largely inoperative by the prevalence of smuggling, and the efforts of Great Britain to enforce it were among the leading causes of the Revolution.

Navigation, Bureau of, Navy Depart

In

In

ment. (See Bureau of Navigation.) Navigation Laws.-The Constitution gives Congress power to pass navigation laws in accordance with the principles of international law. By act of 1789 a tonnage tax of 6 cents per ton was levied on all American vessels and one of 50 cents a ton on all vessels built and owned in foreign countries and entering American ports, which practically gave American trade to American bottoms. a monopoly of 1792 the act requiring American registration was passed. In 1793 the coasting trade was closed to foreign vessels. 1816, 1817 and 1820 the American navigation laws were remodeled and made to correspond closely to those of Great Britain. Tonnage taxes, which had been abolished, were renewed at the outbreak of the Civil War. With the advent of iron vessels came the decrease in American shipbuilding and the decrease in the American marine was further due to the law forbidding any but American-built ships to fly the American flag. This restriction was, however, modified by the act of 1892. The act of 1886 reduced the tonnage rates considerably. (See Seamen's Act.) Navigators Islands. lands.)

(See Samoan Is

Navy. During the Revolution this country had practically no navy. In September, 1775, the British troops, closely environed in Boston, could receive supplies only by water. To intercept these Washington detailed certain of his officers and men who were familiar with nautical matters to patrol Boston Harbor in small armed cruisers. Some of the states had already constructed vessels at public expense to protect their coast line. New England seamen cruised with such effect in Massachusetts Bay as not only to deprive the British garrisoned in Boston of their necessary supplies, but also to add to the resources of the Continental Army by the capture of numerous prizes. At the end of 1775 the Continental Congress began the construction of a navy by ordering thirteen frigates to be built. These performed some service, but most of the achievements of the war were by privateers. By 1781 all of the thirteen Federal vessels had been either captured or destroyed.

In 1797 and 1798, in anticipation of war with France, Congress authorized the construction of the Constitution, United States. and Constellation and the purchase of twen. ty-four other vessels. Hostilities with France having been averted, the newly ac quired navy was used with good effect in resisting the Barbary States. At the out

break of the War of 1812 the United States had about a score of vessels, three of them being first-class frigates-the Constitution, the President, and the United States-as against England's 830. The brilliant achievements of American vessels in that war secured increased appropriations. In 1816 $1,000,000 annually for eight years was appropriated.

By the law of 1819 the Navy was largely increased and a resolution provided for naming ships of the line after the states, frigates after the rivers of the United States, and sloop of war after the chief cities and towns. The vessels were divided among four squadrons and stationed in the Mediterranean, the Pacific, the West Indies, and on the coast of Brazil, and in 1841 an additional squadron was ordered to cruise along the coast of the United States. During the Mexican War the Gulf Squadron blockaded Vera Cruz and bombarded the fort of San Juan de Ulloa into submission, while the Pacific Squadron seized Monterey and Los Angeles, Cal.

At the outbreak of the Civil War the United States had only about forty vessels in commission. The character of naval warfare at this time had been changed by improved armament. The old wooden ressels were useless when opposed by the Whitworth and other modern guns of long range and heavy caliber. The turreted ironclad was born of the emergency. A new navy had to be constructed in order to maintain the blockade of Southern ports, and by Jan. 1, 1864, the National Government had over 600 vessels, seventyfive of them ironclads. with more than 4.600 guns and 35.000 men. After the war the Navy was reduced. Notwithstanding the appropriation of large sums of money, 1882 found the United States in possession of only 140 vessels, and more than 100 of these were incapable of sea service.

Soon after this date a new policy regarding the Navy was inaugurated and has since been pursued with credit and honor to the nation.

The officers of the navy are trained for their profession at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis (which see).

Target Practice. So necessary is target practice considered for the efficiency of the United States Navy that there exists a separate division of Target Practice in the Navy Department (q. v.). Up to 1903, target practice in the Navy was at the short range of about a mile, as naval experts were almost unanimous in the opinion that naval battles could never be fought at distances greater than two or three miles. The range of target practice was gradually increased until the outbreak of the European War showed that naval battles could be fought at great distances, and in recent target practices of the United States Navy the range has been thousands of yards. In the practices off Guantanamo in February, 1916, the ships of the Navy averaged 11% of hits at battle distance. Ships of the dreadnaught class, aiming at screen targets 90 feet long and 30 feet high, made 7% of hits at long battle distance and 21% of hits at mean battle distance. Secretary of the Navy Daniels reports that these records are believed not only to have equalled, but even to have bettered the best records made in the European War.

Salutes. It is the custom of foreign ships of war entering the harbor, or in passing in the vicinity of a fort, to hoist at the fore the flag of the country in whose waters they are and salute it; on the com

pletion of the salute to the flag, a salute (of twenty-one guns) is returned as soon as possible by the nearest fort or battery; if there are several forts or batteries in sight, or within the radius of six miles, the principal fort returns the salute. The Presidential salute of twenty-one guns was adopted that a uniformity in national salutes might be maintained, it being the same number of guns as the royal salute of England. The reason why twenty-one should have been selected as the number of guns has been a source of search and guess, with no satisfactory results. Of the many surmises, the two carrying the most weight of opinion are: First, that twenty-one was the same number of years fixed by English law as the age of majority; the second, that seven was the original salute, and three times seven would signify one seven for each of the divisions, England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. It is also asserted that the United States adopted this salute to signify to the mother country that her child had reached its majority. and was prepared, in law, to inherit the land; and to this end fired the "gun of 1776," the figures of which year added together equal twenty-one. salutes given in addition to the Presidential salute are as follows: To the Vice-President of the United States and the President of the Senate, 19 guns; members of Cabinet, Chief Justice of United States, Speaker of the House of Representatives, 17 guns; rear-admiral, 13 guns; commodore, 11 guns; captain, 9 guns; to a sovereign or chief magistrate of any foreign country, 21 guns; to the heir apparent or consort of a reigning sovereign, 21 guns. A salute in accordance with their rank is also given to the viceroy, governor-general or governors of provinces belonging to foreign states, to ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to envoys extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to ministers resident accredited to the United States, to chargés d'affaires in charge of missions in the United States, to consuls-general accredited to the United States, and to officers of foreign services.

The

The war with Spain brought the importance of the navy into prominence, and resulted in a general desire for its enlargement, for it became evident that if this country should be attacked by a foreign power, that attack would be by sea; and the true method of defense would be by means of a navy that could meet the enemy, pursue and destroy them on the seas, not by means of mere harbor defenses. The rapidity of this enlargement can be judged by the comparative expenses. For the year ending June 30, 1897, the year before the war with Spain, the cost of the navy was $34,561,546 and for the year 1904 the cost was $102,956,102.

Pay. All commissioned officers of the active list of the Navy receive the same pay according to rank and the term of service, the annual base pay of each grade being as follows:

Admiral (in command of fleet)....$10,000
Vice Admiral (second in command). 9,000
Rear Admiral (upper half).
Rear Admiral (lower half).
Commodore

8,000

6,000

6,000

Captain

4,000