fury and madness as to lay violent hands on them, it is the whole empire's concern, and the province where this horrible violence is committed is alarmed. The Emperor himself judges the criminal. All the Mandarins near the place are turned out, especially those of that town who have been so negligent in their instructions,' &c.

P. 173, l. 24. Il. viii. 549.

1. 34. II. v. 127.

1. 35. 'Diomedes his eyes.' So again, in the last paragraph of this paper: Socrates his rules.' An erroneous notion prevailed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that the s of the English genitive case singular-man's, woman's, Cato's-which is really the relic of the old Anglo-Saxon genitive termination -es, represented the personal possessive pronoun his. Hence such forms of speech as those in the text.

P. 174, l. 6. The authenticity of the dialogue known as Alcibiades the Second is very doubtful, and it is on this account excluded by Prof. Jowett from his translation of the works of Plato.

P. 178, 1. 24. This letter was written by Mr. Hughes, of whom an account is given in the Introduction, page xxiv.

P. 179, 1. 17. The opera of Almahide, of which the music is attributed to Buononcini, while the story is probably founded on Mdlle. de Scudéry's romance of the same name, was produced in 1710, and was the first work performed entirely in the Italian language on the English stage. Nicolini, who had made his first appearance in England shortly before, in the partly English partly Italian opera of Pyrrhus and Demetrius, sang a soprano part in Almahide. The female parts were taken by Margarita de l'Epine and Isabella Girardeau. (Sutherland Edwards' History of the Opera.) I do not know on what authority Prof. Morley, in his edition of the Spectator, states the name of the bashful débutante to have been Mrs. Barbier.'

P. 180, 1. 17. II. i. 225:

'O monster! mix'd of insolence and fear,

Thou dog in forehead, but in heart a deer!'—POPE. P. 181, l. 10. Seneca, Epist. Moral. i. 11.

P. 182, 1. 5. 'Out of all the honours decreed to him by the senate and people, there was none that Cæsar more gladly accepted and used than the privilege of continually wearing a laurel crown,' in order to hide his baldness. Suetonius, De Vita Cæsarum, i. 45.

P. 183, 1. 3. Similar meditations, aided by a more exact knowledge of facts, led Mr. Malthus, a hundred years later, to somewhat different conclusions. 1. 23. A story in many respects similar is told of St. Bruno, the founder of the Carthusian order.

P. 184, l. 1. Dr. Sherlock (1641-1707) preached and wrote vigorously in favour of passive obedience under Charles II, and refusing to take the oaths after the Revolution, was suspended from all his offices of emolument. While under suspension, he wrote the work mentioned in the text, 'A Prac

tical Discourse on Death'; it has passed through some forty editions. Before the end of 1690 he had decided to conform to the new Government. Of the circumstances attending this tergiversation, and of the controversy to which it led, Lord Macaulay had given an amusing account in his History, vol. iii. pp. 102, 253.

1. 19. See Meineke's Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum, vol. iii. p. 29. The lines which Addison translates are a fragment of the lost play of Aphrodisius, by Antiphanes, a writer of the Middle Comedy, who did not live a 'hundred years before,' but at the same time with Socrates, or rather later. 1. 32. In the Travels of Sir John Chardin into Persia and the East Indies' (1686), I can find no such anecdote as that quoted by Addison.

P. 185, 1. 20. The Epistles of Phalaris were believed in the time of Addison to be the genuine work of the tyrant of Agrigentum; it was reserved for Bentley, in his masterly Dissertation, to demonstrate that they were the forgery of a later age.

P. 186, 1. 8. Epaminondas, the great Theban, who broke the power of Sparta, and the Athenian generals Chabrias and Iphicrates, flourished in the first half of the fourth century before Christ.

1. 21. The witty St. Evremond (1613-1703), exiled by Louis XIV for the freedoms of his bitter tongue and satirical pen, repaired in 1662 to the court of Charles II, was well received there, and lived to the end of his days, which were prolonged to ninety years, in England.

1. 38. Who put his beard out of the way as he was laying his head on the block, saying pleasantly to the headsman, that it at least had never committed treason.

P. 187, 1. 29. This expedition of King Sebastian (the subject of Dryden's finest play) took place in 1579. He was killed after the battle; but rumour averred for many years afterwards, and the Portugese people readily believed, that he had escaped with life from the battle, and would some day return to restore to Portugal her old prosperity.

P. 198, 1. 12. A Greek word signifying divine vengeance or retribution. 1. 27. A sword with one sharp edge.

P. 200, 1. 3.

This story is told of Diagoras by Cicero in the De Natura Deorum, iii. 37. Addison might also have found it in Bayle's Dictionary. 1. 25. Addison, though few men had a more capacious memory, sometimes trusted it too far. The name of the young Greek mentioned in the wellknown story of Herodotus (i. 31) is not Clitobus, but Cleobis.

P. 201, 1. 10. A note in Tegg's edition of the Spectator, taken probably from Bishop Percy, names one Anthony Henley as Addison's informant, and Dr. Thomas Goodwin, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, during the commonwealth, as the Independent minister here referred to. Upon what authority this statement rests, does not appear. Two other Independent ministers, John Owen, Dean of Christ Church, and Thankful Owen, President of St. John's, were heads of Oxford Colleges at the same time with Goodwin; however the circumstance of the half-dozen night-caps' agrees so well

with the nickname mentioned by à Wood, that one may be nearly certain that Goodwin is intended. Old Anthony à Wood, who witnessed the rough treatment which his beloved University met with at the hands of the parliamentary commissioners, mentions that the undergraduates used to call Goodwin 'Nine-caps,' from the care that he took to protect his head from cold; and he relates that Owen, who was Vice-Chancellor, appeared sometimes in the Convocation House wearing neither cap nor gown, but simply a cocked hat!

P. 203, 1. 17. Plutarch, De Superstitione, chap. x.

P. 204, 1. 25. Essay on the Human Understanding. Book II. chap. xiii. (Morley.)

P. 206, 1. 28. 'See Bishop Burnet's sermon, preached at the funeral of the Hon. Robert Boyle.' (Tegg.)

P. 208, 1. 25. The Dutch philosopher, Christian Huygens (died 1695), contributed many important discoveries in the sciences of optics, mechanics, and astronomy. The work from which Addison here quotes is probably either his Treatise on Light, or the Cosmotheoros, a work translated into English, and published in 1698 under the title, 'The Celestial Worlds discovered, or Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, planets, and productions of the worlds in the Planets.'

1. 29. The ingenious and humorous author of Un Voyage autour de ma Chambre playfully introduces the following Système du Monde' into his charming work:-'Je crois donc que, l'espace étant infini, la création l'est aussi, et que Dieu a créé dans son étérnité une infinité de mondes dans l'immensité de l'espace.'

P. 211, 1. 3. Anacharsis, a Scythian on his father's side, a Greek on his mother's, lived in the sixth century before Christ. His witty sayings may be consulted in Orelli's Opuscula.

P. 212, 1. 5. Bonosus, whose history is told by Vopiscus, was not a Briton, but a Gaul. He hanged himself after being defeated by the emperor Probus, about A.D. 280.

1. 37. The Sentences' of Publius Syrus (a writer of the first century before Christ) are in part extracts from his lost Mimes (=short comedies) in part derived from other writers of the same stamp.

P. 214, 1. 30. The stories about Pittacus and Bion, which occur farther on, are taken from the work of Diogenes Laertius on the Lives of the Philosophers. The anecdote about Aristippus is from Plutarch; it is in the treatise On Tranquillity of Mind, ch. viii.

P. 216, 1. 5. The Life of the excellent Dr. Henry Hammond (1605-1660), chaplain to Charles I, by Dr. Fell, Dean of Christ Church, was published in 1661; it is a very interesting little book.

P. 218, 1. 21. This paragraph was written by Dean Swift.

P. 222, 1. 22. Cowley's Davideis, Book i. 1. 361.

P. 224, 1. 15. Probably the author's father, Dean Lancelot Addison, who had published an account of West Barbary. (Tegg.)

...

P. 225, 1. 36. Tillotson's Works (Birch), Serm. clxv. On the Present and Future Advantage of a Holy and Virtuous Life.' The preacher says,— 'What in particular our employment shall be, and wherein it shall consist, is impossible now to describe; it is sufficient to know in the general that our employment shall be our unspeakable pleasure, and every way suitable to the glory and happiness of that state. . . . . For there is no doubt but that He who made us, and endued our souls with a desire of immortality, and so large a capacity of happiness, does understand very well by what way and means to make us happy, and hath in readiness proper exercises and employments for that state, and every way more fitted to make us happy, than any condition or employment in this world is suitable to a temporal happiness.'

V.

MANNERS, FASHIONS, AND HUMOURS.

P. 231, 1. 12. The Kit-cat Club took its name from Christopher Cat, the maker of their mutton pies. It was originally formed in Shire Lane, about the time of the trial of the seven bishops, for a little free evening conversation, but in Queen Anne's reign comprehended above forty noblemen and gentlemen of the first rank for quality, merit, and fortune, firm friends of the Hanoverian succession. (Tegg.)

P. 232, 1. 13. One who refused to swear allegiance to King William after the Revolution of 1688.

1. 17. The Leges Convivales of Ben Jonson are twenty-four Latin rules, composed by the poet for the use and guidance of the frequenters of the Old Devil Tavern at Temple Bar, his favourite resort, and engraven in marble over the chimney of the large club-room there, called the 'Apollo.' Gifford (Works of Ben Jonson, vol. ix.) truly says that nothing can be more pure and elegant than the latinity of these “laws." These are a few

of them :

1. Nemo asymbolus, nisi umbra, huc venito.

2. Idiota, insulsus, tristis, turpis, abesto.

2. Ministri a dapibus, oculati et muti,
A poculis, auriti et celeres sunto.

17. Joci sine felle sunto.

19. Versus scribere nullus cogitor.

23. Qui foras vel dicta vel facta eliminet, eliminator.

In drawing them up, says Gifford, Jonson had the rules of the Roman entertainments in view, as collected with great industry by Lipsius.'

P. 234, 1. 8. Drawcansir is the mock hero of Buckingham's play of the

Rehearsal, who, burlesquing the character of Almanzor in Dryden's Conquest of Granada, destroys whole armies, on his own side and that of the enemy indifferently, by his unaided prowess.

P. 236, l. 13. I. c. the clergy are so numerous that if, as is done by lay land-holders, they could cut up their glebes and tithes into forty-shilling freeholds, each of which would entitle the holder to vote at the election of county members, they would command most of the (county) elections in England. 1. 16.

'Extremi addensent acies; nec turba moveri

Tela manusque.'-Æn. x. 432.

P. 237, 1. 14. The passage cited-and a very striking one it is-is found in Sir W. Temple's Observations upon the United Provinces, ch. i. Temple, for many years the British minister at the Hague in the reign of Charles II, is chiefly known in political history as the negotiator of the Triple Alliance, and in literary history as the patron of Swift.

P. 239, l. 3. Dr. Thomas Sydenham, a member of Magdalen College, Oxford, was resident in London at the time of the Great Plague of 1665, and, though he took refuge from it in the country, must have had great opportunities of studying its phenomena. His Methodus curandi Febres, written originally in English, first appeared in 1666. The acuteness and sweep of observation, together with the remarkable power of philosophical deduction, which characterise this book, caused it to be universally admired, and have preserved the reputation of the author to this day.

1. 17. Sanctorius, or Santorio, was an eminent Italian physician; died 1636. His Ars de statica Medicina was translated by one John Quincy into English in 1712, with large explanations, wherein is given a mechanical account of the animal economy'; but an earlier English translation had appeared in 1676, to which probably the passage in the text refers.

P. 240, 1. 26. The English version is, 'I was well; I would be better; and here I am.' (Morley.)

P. 243, 1. 29. In Jonson's play of the Alchemist, Abel Drugger, a foolish and superstitious tobacconist, consults Subtle the alchemist and astrologer on various arrangements which are to bring him good luck and flowing custom. He asks (Act II) what sign he shall choose for his shop, and Subtle replies

'He shall have a bell, that's Abel,

And by it standing one whose name is Dee1,
In a rug gown; there's D & rug; that's Drug;
And right anenst him a dog snarling -er;

There's Drugger, Abel Drugger.'

1. 31. That is, the god Bel, named in the book of the so-called Apocrypha, entitled 'Bel and the Dragon.'

1 Dr. Dee, the famous astrologer of Queen Elizabeth's reign.