Reserve force of, composition of, 6669. Steamships, of, 5492. Revision of code for government of, recommended, 2625. Roosevelt's policy regarding, reiterated, 7371. Rules and regulations for, referred to, 603, 1255. Sabbath observance enjoined upon, 3326, 5464, 8433. Scarcity of officers and enlisted men discussed, 6756, 6763, 7002. School of instruction for. (See Naval Academy.) Seamen for, need of more, 7002, 8108. Seamen, permanent corps of, recommended, 2712. Service in, dignity of, 7949. Should be in readiness for actual service, 463. Staff corps urged, 7696. of, amalgamation of, Hayes, 4565. Jackson, 1022, 1392, 1411, 1476. Madison, 455, 461, 471, 504, 513, 538, 551. Monroe, 594, 615, 618, 631, 649, 677, 765. Pierce, 2748, 2821, 2872, 2942. Taft, 7429, 7530, 7696. Tyler, 1941, 2122, 2130, 2131. Vice-admiral, creation of grade of, urged, 3450, 6345, 7472. War College discussed, 6166. War requirements of, 7114. Wireless telegraph station established in Canal Zone for use of, 8340. Navy Board: New organization of, 1252. Navy, Department of.-The Continental Upon the adoption of the Constitution, in 1789, naval matters were placed under the jurisdiction of the War Department and so remained until April 30, 1798, when in consequence of depredations of French cruisers, twelve new ships were added to the fleet; and the modern Department of the Navy was organized with a Secretary at its head. In 1815 a board of three "Navy Commissioners" was created which was charged with the duty of procuring naval stores, of constructing and equipping vessels and of superintending the navy yards; the order creating these Commissioners expressly provides that they should not interfere with the powers of the Secretary of the Navy Department. In 1842 five bureaus, namely, Navy Yards and Docks, Construction, Equipment and Repairs, Clothing and Provisions, Ordnance and Hydrography, and Medicine and Surgery took the place of the Commissioners. Another reorganization took place in 1862 which placed the Department substantially upon its present basis. The Hydrographic Office was then established and the office of Judge-Advocate-General, created in 1865, was reorganized in 1880. Although assistants to the Secretary had been from time to time appointed before that date, it was not till 1890 that the office of Assistant Secretary was established. The Secretary of the Navy has the general supervision of the work of the Department, and, although under the Constitution the President is Commander-in-chief of the Navy, the official acts of the Secretary are final. The details of the Secretary's duties are carried out by eight Bureaus, each presided over by a naval officer having the actual or nominal rank of RearAdmiral. The Bureau of Navigation attends to the promulgation and enforcement of the Secretary's orders; the education of officers (see Naval Academy); the enlistment and education of enlisted men; keeps their records and preserves the Naval Reg. ister; and directs the enforcement of all regulations. The Bureau of Yards and Docks attends to the construction, equip. ment and maintenance of all Docks and Navy Yards. The Bureau of Equipment furnishes all supplies to the ships, directs. the Naval Observatory (q. v.) and prepares the Nautical Almanac; the Hydrographic Office, whose duties relate to the preparation of charts and gathering infor mation on all kinds of nautical subjects, is a branch of this Bureau. The Bureau of Ordnance supervises the manufacture of offensive and defensive armor and apparatus, and, in connection with the Bureau of Construction and Repairs, their installation on the ships. The Bureau of Construction and Repairs designs and constructs war-ships, has charge of the docking of the ships and repairing all permanent fixtures. The Bureau of Steam-Engineering structs and repairs all steam machinery. The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery has charge of and furnishes supplies to the Medical Department and all naval hospitals. The Bureau of Supplies and Accounts furnishes all the general supplies and keeps all naval accounts. con the The Com In addition to these Bureaus, the offices of the Judge-Advocate-General form law department of the Navy. mandant of Marines is the head of the Marine Corps (q. v.). The General Board, composed of officers of various grades, advises the Secretary on technical matters and submits plans for naval manœuvres, etc. naval Building Programme.-The Secretary of the Navy in his annual report for 1913, recommended the authorization by Congress which building a programme should include two dreadnaughts, eight destroyers and three submarines annually. Naval Schools.-There on board the Des Moines, in 1913, a school for academic, vocational and technical instruction of enlisted men. met with such success that it was proposed to install the school generally upon the ships and at the shore stations of the navy. Four schools are now maintained for training recruits-at Newport, Norfolk, Chicago and San Francisco. William A. Graham, N. Carolina 1850 John P. Kennedy, Maryland.. 1852 Pierce.. The experiment James C. Dobbin, N. Carolina.. 1853 Buchanan Isaac Toucey, Connecticut.. 1857 Lincoln.... Gideon Welles, Connecticut.. 1861 Johnson. 1865 Grant.. Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania.. 1869 George M. Robeson, New Jersey. 1869 Hayes... Richard W. Thompson, Indiana.. 1877 Nathan Goff, Jr., West Virginia. 1881 William H. Hunt, Louisiana. 1881 Enlistments.-The policy recently adopted by the department of raising the standard for admission to the navy has increased the number as well as bettered the character of the men entering the service. There is now a rigid exclusion of those not morally or physically fit. For more detailed information as to the scope and activities of the Navy Department consult the index references to the Presidents' Messages and Encyclopedic articles under the following headings: Bureau of Construc tion and Repair. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Bureau of Naviga tion. Bureau of Ordnance. Bureau of Steam Engineering. Bureau of Yards and Docks. Hydrographie office. Judge Advocate General. Marine Corps. Navy Department: Marine Insurance. Marine, Secretary of. Nautical Almanac. Naval Academy. Naval Consulting Board. Naval Militia. Naval Observatory. Office naval opera- Accounts of, in Fourth Auditor's Of- Diverted to survey of Isthmus of Garfield. Recommended, 955, 1168, 1475, 2055, 2872, 4405, 4674, 4796. Referred to, 4407. Transfer of, referred to, 1818, 2122. Act authorizing, approved, 2131. Appropriations for docks, etc., should be separated from those for naval service, 2625, 2670. Board of Commissioners for, referred to, 603, 631. Clerks in, referred to, 3585. Estimates of, for 1911-1912, discussed, 7530. Expenditures of, 335, 800, 2055, 2064, 2625, 2670, 3450, 3650, 3775, 3882, 4062, 4407, 4425, 4452, 4525, 4573, 5376, 5972. Navy League. cieties.) (See Preparedness So Navy List.-A complete account of the ships, personnel, and general organization of the Navy Department of the United States, similar to the Army List (q. v.). Navy Medical Department, relative rank of officers of, 7000. Navy, Secretary of: Control over construction and materi- Control over vessels in ports of Unit- Letter of Boynton and Fisher to, Naval aids recommended for, 7807. Discussed. (See Navy discussed.) Navy Yards.-Yards, docks, and shops for 1. New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. 6. Mare Island Navy Yard, near San Fran- 7. Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. 8. Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Wash. 9. Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. Navy Yards: At Boston, machinery at, for preserving wood, referred to, 4676. Title of United States to land occupied as, referred to, 4698. At New York, new boiler shop at, recommended, 4681. At Norfolk, employment at, referred to, 3660. At Washington, manufacture of guns at, discussed, 5973. Civil service in connection with, discussed, 5974. Order regarding, 6146. Defense of, demands attention of Discontinuance of, on Atlantic sea- At Memphis referred to, 2829. 2202, On Atlantic seaboard recommended, 3385, 3450. Mississippi River recommended, San Francisco Bay recommended, 3385. Recommended, 3561. Improvements in, recommended, 4062. Labor at, secured through boards of labor, employment, discussed, 6166. List of. (See Encyclopedic Index article on the Navy.) Officers and men in, referred to, 765, 3660. Referred to, 6255. Re-organization of, urged, 7430, 7529. Small, abolition of, recommended, 7696. Superfluous, dismantling of, urged, 7530. Near East, and Europe, political conditions in, 7667. Near Eastern Division, State Department. This division was organized in 1909 It falls under by Secretary of State Knox. the supervision of the third assistant secretary of state (q. v.); and it has charge of matters other than administrative in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Roumania, Turkey, Montenegro, Servia, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Abyssinia, Persia, Egypt and (See State the colonies of these countries. Department.) Nebraska.-One of the western group of states; nickname, "Black Water State." the law." Motto, "Equality before extends from lat. 40° to 43° north and It is from long. 95° 25' to 104° west. bounded on the north by South Dakota (partly separated by the Missouri River), on the east by Iowa and Missouri (separated from both by the Missouri River), on the south by Kansas and Colorado, and on the west by Colorado and Wyoming, and has an area of 77,520 square miles. It name Nebraska originally formed part of the Louisiana Purchase and was later made a It was part of the Territory of Missouri. made a Territory in 1854, and included portions of the Dakotas. Montana, Wyoming and Colorado. Nebraska was admitted The State takes to the Union in 1867. It the river. its from first was permanently settled at Bellevue in 1847. The State is one of the first in the production of corn, being extremely fertile in the eastern part and along the Platte River. Its principal industries are agriculture and stock raising, slaughtering and meat packing. South Omaha being one of the great cattle markets of the world. Butter, cheese, condensed milk and kindred dairy products are the chief manufactured products. In 1910, the population was 1,192,214. In 1910, The figure in 1920 was 1,295,502. there were 175,865 foreign-born, of whom 57,302 were German. In 1910, 26% of the The total school population was urban. population at latest reports was 387,394, of whom the enrolment in the public schools was 292,362, with an average daily attendance of 219,246 and with a teaching staff of 12,697. In addition, there were 368 public high schools, with 1,121 teachers and 3,804 students. Statistics of agriculture collected for the last Federal census place the number of farms in the State at 129.678. comprising 38,622,021 acres, valued, with stock and The aver improvements, at $2.079,817,647. age value of land per acre was $41.80, an increase from $16.27 in 1900. The latest annual statistics for the agricultural production are as follows: Crop Acreage Bushels Value Corn ..7,030,000 184,186,000 $224,707,000 Wheat .4,384,000 Hay .1,769.000 Oats .2,133,000 Potatoes 115,000 Sugar Beets. 59,750 a-tons. 60,675,000 122,564,000 4,300,000a 60,185,000 69,960,000 45,475,000 6,325,000 580,285a 12,018,000 5,780,000 In addition, there is much raising of fruit and the apple crop is important. The raising of stock is prosecuted on a large scale. The latest figures for the farm animals are as follows:-Horses, 1,018,000, valued at $76,350,000; 106,000 mules, $11,554,000; cows, 601,000, $49.883,000 other cattle, 2.911,000, $131,868.000; sheep, 323,000, $3,585,000; swine, 3,366,000, $70,349,000. The last annual wool clip was estimated at 1,730,000 pounds. Nebraska's only mines are those of silica. There is some quarrying of sandstone and limestone, and considerable output of bricks and tiles. a The number of manufacturing establishments in Nebraska having an annual output valued at $500 or more at the beginning of 1915 was 2,493. The amount of capital invested was $121,020,000, giving employment to 33.695 persons, using material valued at $174,114.000, and turning out finished goods worth $221,616,000. Salaries and wages paid amounted to $24,011,000. Nebraska (see also Omaha): Act Extending time of payment to purchasers of Indian lands in, vetoed, 5525. For admission of, into Union, vetoed, 3687. For sale of Indian reservation in, 4656. To provide for lease of Fort Omaha Military Reservation to, vetoed, 6119. Admission of, into Union, proclaimed, 3714. Indian lands in, titles to, extinguished, proclaimed, 5535. Memorial from citizens of, regarding creation of new Territory, 3111. Military forces sent to and reasons therefor, discussed, 4673. Public lands in, survey of, referred to, 4959. Red Cloud Agency in, deficiency in supplies at, 4312, 4313. Supplies issued, suffering people in, referred to, 4272. Survey-general in, recommendations for discontinuance of office of, 4959. Negotiations, Diplomatic, Breaking of. (See Diplomatic Negotiations, Breaking of.) Negro Exposition, appropriation for, and proclamation of, 8064. Negro Plot.-An alleged attempt on the part of certain negroes, incited and assisted by whites, to burn New York City. March 18, 1741, a fire occurred in the chapel and barracks of Fort George. It was at first thought to be accidental, but eight other fires of unaccountable origin within a month strengthened the allegation of one Mary Burton, a servant employ of John Hughson, that a number of negroes and sailors were implicated in a plot to destroy the town. It was charged that the Spanish were inciting plots among the negroes. Twenty whites and more than 160 negro slaves were imprisoned. Four whites and 18 negroes were hanged and 13 others were burned at the stake before the excitement abated. in the in Negro Troops.-In early Revolutionary days and in the first two years of the Civil War negro troops were employed to a limited extent. In July, 1863, a general provision was made for their enlistment in the Union Army and numbers were service. Since the Civil War there have always been negro troops in the regular army. They served in the war with Spain in 1898, and proved to be less subject to the prevailing fever and the enervating effects of heat than white soldiers. Negroes in the United States.-The first negroes to be imported into the United States were landed as slaves at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. Within the next one hundred years from 55,000 to 60,000 were landed, mostly from the west coast of Africa, although many came also from the West Indies. Their commercial value, especially in the agricultural processes of the South. was the realized particularly in eighteenth century, and by 1750 it is estimated that there were 300,000 negroes in the United States. When the first United |