There is little doubt that the liquor lobby will make its appearance before the convening of the new congress. The number of organizations designed to promote armament and the counter organizations against militarism are the one group which appears to have dwindled as a result of the war. There are several of these organizations still active, however, and most conspicuous among them is the Navy League, which still maintains a large staff in Washington. Others in this classification are as follows: Peace League of the World. American Peace Society. American Union vs. Militarism. The American Legion and the Private Soldiers and Sailors' Legion are the two organizations of war-veterans which maintain headquarters in the capital. Other organizations, the purpose of which is in some instances disclosed by their title, are as follows: National Association for Protection of American Rights in Mexico. National Civic Service Reform League. National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. National Committee to Secure Rank for Army Nurses. National Education Association. National Industrial Council. National Committee for Soldiers and Sailors' Relief. National Negro Business League. National Popular Government League. National Committee for District of Columbia Suffrage. National Patriotic Press. Rivers and Harbors Congress. National Voters' League. National Forestry Association. American Medical Society. Christian Science Association. Consumers' League. Coöperative League of America. Free Press Defense League. League for Preservation of American Independence. Osteopathic Association. Physicians' Protective Association. Prisoners' Relief Society. Smokeless Coal Operators' Association. Tuberculosis Association. In addition to the formally organized bureaus, there are numerous legislative agents who represent more than one special interest.1 1Attention might also be called to the list of propagandist agencies given in Appendix II, post., pp. 380-81. While many of these do not primarily attempt to influence Congress, they frequently bring indirect pressure on the national legislature.-EDITOR. 29. Shopmen's Strike Injunction (1922) There was no single cause for the shopmen's strike of 1922. It grew out of a complex economic and psychological situation which developed when the railroads were returned to private operation in the post-war reconstruction period. The act which returned the roads to their owners (EschCummins Transportation Act of 19201) also created the Railroad Labor Board to preserve industrial peace in the transportation industry. Rising costs of living led to numerous demands for wage increases, and one of the first official acts of the Labor Board was to meet the request of the shop workers, in part, by granting them an increase of thirteen cents an hour. The railroad executives objected that it would be impossible for them to pay this increase, and evaded the decision by contracting out their work to independent companies not covered by it. The unions protested against this practice of "farming out" work and the Labor Board held it to be contrary to the Transportation Act. The roads, however, refused to be bound by the Board's decision, and the practice continued. The business depression of 1921 led to a demand on the part of the employers for a reduction of wages, and the Labor Board granted two reductions which, together, more than wiped out the post-war increases that had been allowed. A strike vote showed that a majority of the shopmen were in favor of a strike at the time of the first reduction; and when the second was announced (to become effective July 1, 1922) it was manifest that the men could not be induced to accept it. The workers were convinced that the railroad executives were determined to smash the principle of collective bargaining, at any cost. On the other hand, the executives felt that the workers should bear at least some of the losses incident to the depression, and demanded that the unions accept the decision of the Rail141 U. S. Stat. at Large, 456. road Labor Board, which they themselves now agreed to obey. This concession, however, came too late, and in spite of the protest of the Labor Board, the men walked out on July 1, 1922. Compared with other great railroad strikes, this one was remarkably free from violence. Disorders were only local, and rarely of a serious nature. It soon became apparent that the roads were holding their own in the struggle, and that, although at first there had been some interference with the mails and with interstate commerce, there was no great danger on that score. Nevertheless, on September 1, Attorney-General Daugherty asked Judge J. H. Wilkerson, who had recently been appointed a federal district judge at Chicago, to issue a "blanket injunction" to prevent acts of violence and further interference with interstate transportation. In spite of the bitter protest of the unions, a temporary injunction was issued; and on July 12, 1923, after it had been renewed a number of times, it was made permanent. Apparently the injunction broke the morale of the strikers and hampered the successful conduct of the strike; at all events, the unions attribute to it the fact that they were finally forced to submit. The text of the injunction as renewed on September 25, 1922 (given below) clearly shows the writ's sweeping nature. SOURCE-Copy furnished through courtesy of Judge J. H. Wilkerson. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Complainant, v. RAILWAY EMPLOYEES' DEPARTMENT OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR, Bert. M. Jewell, President, J. F. McGrath, Vice President, and John Scott, Secretary and Treasurer; International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers, etc., Defendants. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To Railway Employees' Department of the American Federation. of Labor, and Bert M. Jewell, President, and John Scott, Secretary and Treasurer thereof, in their respective individual and official capacities and as representatives of all of the members of the said Railway Employees' Department of the said American Federation of Labor; [etc.], and each of you, and each and all of your officers, attorneys, servants, agents, associates, members, employees and all persons acting in aid of or in conjunction with you, GREETING: WHEREAS, It hath been represented to the Judges of our District Court of the United States for the Eastern Division of the Northern District of Illinois, in Chancery sitting, on the part of the United States of America, complainant in its certain bill of complaint, exhibited in our said District Court, on the Chancery side thereof, before the Judges of said Court, against you, the said defendants above named, and each and all of you, to be relieved touching the matters complained of. In which said bill it is stated, among other things, that you are combining and conspiring with others to interfere with, hinder, obstruct and restrain the transportation of passengers and property in interstate commerce and the carriage of the United States mail upon and over the various lines of railroad and systems of transportation of the following named railway companies in the United States of America, to wit: Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Company, Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railway Company. Alton & Southern Railroad. Ann Arbor Railroad Company. . . .2 The bill of complaint further alleges that your acts and doings in the premises are contrary to equity and good conscience. Here follow the names of three national unions and eighty-three system unions and their principal officers.-EDITOR. "Here follow the names of more than 200 railroads and their subsidiaries.— EDITOR. And the court having found that in pursuance of said unlawful combination and conspiracy the said defendants above named have by picketing, acts of violence, threats, intimidations, unlawful persuasions, sabotage, injury to and destruction of property, and by other unlawful means, interfered with, hindered, obstructed and restrained interstate trade and commerce and the carriage of the United States mails upon and over the said lines of railroad and systems of transportation aforesaid; and have interfered with, obstructed, hindered and restrained interstate trade and commerce and the carriage of the United States mails thereon and thereover so as to cause great and widespread inconvenience, loss and damage and irreparable injury to the commercial, manufacturing, producing and distributing interests in the United States and to the detriment of the public interest; and unless restrained and enjoined the said defendants will continue such unlawful conduct with further great and widespread inconvenience, loss and damage and irreparable injury as aforesaid; and that the said defendants and each of them are properly before the court and that the ends of justice require that the said defendants and each of them should be temporarily restrained and enjoined as hereinafter ordered; and that the United States of America is without an adequate remedy at law and that said application for a preliminary injunction should be granted. And it being ordered that a writ of preliminary injunction issue out of said Court, upon said bill, enjoining and restraining you, and each of you, as prayed for in said bill; We, therefore, in consideration thereof, and of the particular matters in said bill set forth, do strictly command you, the said defendants above named, and each and all of you, and each and all of your officers, attorneys, servants, agents, associates, members, employees, and all persons acting in aid of or in conjunction with you, that you DO ABSOLUTELY DESIST AND REFRAIN FROM: (a) In any manner interfering with, hindering or obstructing said railway companies, or any of them, their officers, agents, servants or employees in the operation of their respective railroads and systems of transportation or the performance of their public duties and obligations in the transportation of passengers and property in interstate commerce and the carriage of the mails, and from in any manner interfering with, hindering or obstructing the officers, agents, servants or employees of said railway companies, or any of them, engaged in the construction, in |