sian commander, General Rennen- a Russian trap which had been set kamp, then took the offensive, and, as for them at Lodz and they began a the result of several battles, collec- new advance on Warsaw. On or tively called the Battle of Augustowo, he defeated the Germans between Sept. 28 and Oct. 3, and drove them into East Prussia.

about Dec. 8 the Russians evacuated Lodz and slowly retreated fighting toward Warsaw. On the 21st it was reported that they had stopped the German advance about 30 miles from Warsaw.

On Nov. 12, seven Russian armies, estimated at 2,400,000 men, were closing in upon the Austrians and Early in December the Russians Germans, between the Baltic Sea and reached the vicinity of Cracow and the Carpathian Mountains, and push-began to shell the defenses from ing them to the west and south. At heights within eight miles of the city. this time the Russians held a line It appears that they maintained their 100 miles long in East Prussia, paral- advanced position until after the 20th. lel to the frontier, which ran from Meanwhile the Austrians had begun Stalluponen on the right via Goldap to advance through the Carpathians and Lyck to the vicinity of Soldau. against the Russian communications At this point there was a gap. The in Galicia. By the 24th the Russians line began again in Russian territory had inflicted severe defeats on the near the Vistula and ran generally Austrians and had driven them back parallel to the frontier, and at no through the mountains, beginning a great distance from it, to the vicinity new and rapid invasion of Bukowina. of Cracow. The Russians held the At the end of four and one-half German town of Pleschen about 65 months the Russians and Germans miles northeast of Breslau. While were still fighting in the debatable there were gaps in this line, it was ground between the two parallel lines well nigh continuous for 350 miles. of fortresses that defend the west In Galicia, their armies, moving west, frontier of Russia and the east fronwere about 75 miles from Cracow; tier of Germany. All of these forand a Russian army approaching from tresses remain intact and unbesieged. the northeast was reported to be The Russians occupy a part of East within 25 miles of the city. For the Prussia and the Germans occupy the first time, the full strength of the western part of Russian Poland. The Russian Empire was brought into ef- Russians also occupy the greater part fect in one grand concerted movement. of the Austrian province of Galicia The Russian General Staff had shown and are besieging the Austrian forunexpected efficiency and the Russian tress of Przemysl. soldiers had done much to redeem the reputation which they had lost in the war with Japan.

About the middle of November, the Germans, reinforced from the west, advanced southeast from Thorn, between the Vistula and the Wartha, and captured Lodz. At the end of the month they were fighting against superior numbers at Lodz; they were on the offensive in East Prussia; and they were apparently holding their own in the vicinity of Cracow. The Russians had overrun the greater part of Galicia, were besieging Przemysl, and were preparing to cross to the south side of the Carpathian Mountains.

The month of December was marked by the fierce efforts of the Germans to reach Warsaw and of the Russians to invest Cracow. In the last days of November the Germans broke through

The Servian Campaign.-The Danube served as an effectual barrier against the Austrians along the northern border from Belgrade to the Rumanian frontier; and farther west the Save and Drina afforded the Servians some protection. On Aug. 16, 50,000 Austrians crossed the Save into northwest Servia and were severely defeated on the 18th by four Servian corps. The Servians followed up their victory by a second victory on the Jadar on the 20th and drove the Austrians across the Drina and the Save with the loss of 100 guns and 4,600 prisoners. One hundred and fifty

thousand Servians now invaded Austria; and, after many delays, formed a junction with a Montenegrin army and besieged Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, where the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. In No

Its

vember the Austrians reinforced their | capital, lies on the east coast of the army, drove the Servians out of Austria, and invaded Servia. The advance of the Austrians into northwest Servia compelled the Servians to evacuate Belgrade, which was occupied by the Austrians after a siege of 126 days. The Austrians, unable to surround the city, had bombarded it from the north bank of the Danube and reduced it to ruins.

Chinese province of Shantung. population is about 33,000; its white population about 1,500. It was seized by Germany in November, 1897, and was formally transferred to Germany in March, 1898, on a 99-years' lease. Surrounding the district is a neutral zone of 30 miles with an area of 2,500 sq. miles and a population of 1,200,000. The Germans built a massive breakwater at Tsingtau, three miles long, and erected piers, docks and jesties until it surpassed the Russian port of Dalny. It is reported that the Germans spent $100,000,000 in improving Tsingtau.

On Nov. 17, a dispatch from St. Petersburg stated that M. Tzemovitch, a special envoy from Servia, had arrived to ask the Czar for Russian assistance for his country whose army had been reduced from 300,000 to 100,000 men. The Austrian army There was an Austrian cruiser in continued its victorious advance after the harbor of Tsingtau and Austria dethe fall of Belgrade and it appeared clared war on Japan on Aug. 25. The that Servia's conquest was assured blockade of Tsingtau began on Aug. unless succor came from abroad. On 27. The Japanese at once occupied Dec. 5, however, the Servian army seven adjacent islands to serve as a turned upon the invaders and over- local base and began mine sweeping whelmed them. On the 6th the entire in the neighborhood. The Japanese Austrian army was in flight. The troops (reported at 45,000) intended pursuit was vigorous and every day for the siege were safely landed in brought news of Servian successes. Laoshan Bay on Sept. 18, and were On the 10th they moved their capital joined by a small British force on from Nish back to Kraguievatz and on Sept. 24 under General N. Barnardisthe 14th the Servian army reentered ton. The Japanese casualties are reBelgrade after an absence of 12 days. ported to have been 1,078 up to Nov. 6 Montenegro in the War.-Montene- and in the final assaults, 440; British gro declared war on Austria on Aug. casualties, two. Tsingtau surrendered 7 and the Montenegrin forces pro- on Nov. 7. The garrison, which inceeded to invade Bosnia in conjunc- cluded many German business men tion with a Servian army and to as- who had taken refuge in the works, sist the British and French to besiege numbered about 4,600 men. The GerCattaro. The Montenegrins gained a man gunboat Jaguar, attached to the victory on or about Sept. 22 at Gorad- fortress, destroyed a Japanese deza, Bosnia, 29 miles southeast of Sara- stroyer on Sept. 1; on Oct. 19 the jevo. On the 25th it was reported German submarine S90 sank the Japthat they had occupied Mostar, the anese cruiser Takachiho with 344 of capital of Herzegovina, cutting the her crew; on the same day the S90 railway which furnished the only was beached by her crew and blown land communications with Cattaro. up to escape capture. Finally on In November the Austrian reserves Nov. 11, four days after the surrenattacked the Montenegrins at Timor der, the Japanese torpedo boat No. 33 and Klobuk and were repulsed. was sunk by a mine while dragging for mines, and six men were lost. The Austrian cruiser Kaiserin Elizabeth took part in the defense and was sunk by her crew when her ammunition was exhausted.

The Siege of Tsingtau.-Japan sent an ultimatum to Germany on Aug. 15 demanding that she withdraw her warships from Chinese and Japanese waters and deliver up by Sept. 15 the entire leased territory of Kiao-chau with a view to its eventual restoration to China. A reply was requested within a week, and as none came, Japan declared war on Aug. 23.

Kiao-chau, of which Tsingtau is the

Turkey in the War.-Turkey's attitude was doubtful from the beginning of the war. The German warships Goeben and Breslau, which escaped from the Allied fleets in the Mediterranean early in August, took refuge

in the Dardanelles. Turkey bought other over the greater part of its them and retained the German crews.length, are elements favorable to an The presence of these crews aboard easy and effective defense by war vesthe two vessels was the source of sus- sels patrolling the Canal. Thus far picion and misunderstanding. On the British land forces, drawn largeSept. 9, Turkey abolished the "capitu- ly from India and Australia, have lations" under which foreigners en- been able to protect it. On Nov. 24 joyed certain rights and privileges in Italy announced that she would not Turkish territory (see also III, In- tolerate the closing of the Canal. ternational Relations). Finally on Rebellion in South Africa.-At the Oct. 30 the Goeben and other Turkish beginning of the war in Europe, Prevessels bombarded Odessa and sank mier Botha warned his countrymen several Russian ships. On Nov. 1, that they must adhere to the cause of Russia refused to accept, as too late, the British Empire. At a special the Turkish explanations of the bom- session of the South African Parliabardment; on the 5th Great Britain ment on Sept. 10, he asked the repdeclared war on Turkey and an-resentatives to approve of the support nounced the annexation of the Turk- which his Government had already ish island of Cyprus which had been promised to the British Government, under British administration since and announced that the South African 1878. On the following day France Government would send an expedition declared war. The Sheikh-ul-Islam against German Southwest Africa. proclaimed a Holy War against the On Sept. 15, General Beyers, comEntente powers on Nov. 25; but the manding the Union forces, resigned in leaders of the Indian Mussulmans had protest against the intention to inalready announced their intention to vade German Southwest Africa, where adhere to the Allies and there has a number of irreconcilable Boers were been no rising of the Mohammedan settled. On Oct. 3, Gen. Christian de subjects of the Allies. Wet, in attempting to address a meetIn actual fighting the Turks have ing against Premier Botha's course, accomplished little. The Allied fleet was interrupted by British sympahas bombarded the forts on the Dar-thizers and the meeting was broken danelles; the Russian Black Sea fleet up. On Oct. 11 Lieut.-Col. Maritz, bombarded a Turkish fort at Trebizond on Nov. 17 and on the 18th disabled the Goeben off Sebastopol. In the Caucasus the Russians have driven the Turks to the west and south. Troops from India defeated the Turks near the head of the Persian Gulf on The Government proclaimed martial Nov. 15 and 17 and occupied Bagdad law throughout the Union, and Genand Bassorah, the proposed terminus eral Botha assumed command of the of the Bagdad Railway. They again forces. Eighty rebels were captured defeated the Turks at Korna on Dec. on Oct. 15, and 40 more surren7 and captured the Turkish com-dered a few days later. On the 27th mander. The British now occupy the richest part of the delta from the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates to the sea.

commanding the forces operating against German Southwest Africa, produced a German general's commission, arrested loyal officers, and joined the German forces. His commando numbered about 500 men.

the Government announced that Generals de Wet and Beyers had gone over to the rebels, who had seized the town of Heilbron. Botha attacked Beyers on the same day at Rustenburg in the Transvaal, captured 80 of his men, and pursued him throughout the day. De Wet was defeated on Nov. 12, his followers deserted him, and a few days later he was slightly wounded and captured. General Beyers was drowned in attempting to cross a flooded stream and his follow

Much interest has centered around the defense of the Suez Canal and of Egypt from Turkish aggression. To invade Egypt, the Turks must cross the Canal, which forms a continuous obstacle from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The position of the Canal lying in the midst of a flat sandy desert, its low banks, and the facility with which vessels may pass eachers dispersed.

V. THE NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION

THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

President.-Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, of New Jersey, inaugurated twenty-eighth President of the United States on March 4, 1913.

The President and Vice-President are elected for terms of four years by the state Electoral Colleges, whose membership is based on the Congressional apportionment. This apportionment is revised after each decennial census, as shown in the table in the YEAR BOOK for 1912 (p. 159). The official figures of the popular and electoral votes in the elections of 1908 and 1912 were given in the last issue of the YEAR BOOK (p. 158). The salary of the President is $75,000, with an allowance of $25,000 for traveling

expenses.

Secretary to the President.-Joseph Patrick Tumulty, of New Jersey. The General Deficiency Appropriation Act continues the salary of the Secretary to the President at $7.500 per year, to which it was raised from the statutory amount of $6,000 in 1911 at the request of President Taft.

Vice-President.-Thomas Riley Marshall, Democrat, of Indiana, inaugurated Vice-President of the United States on March 4, 1913.

The Vice-President presides over the Senate, with no vote except in case of a tie. His salary is $12,000. The President pro tempore of the Senate, who presides in the absence of the Vice-President, is Senator James P. Clarke (Ark.).

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS

Second Assistant Secretary.-Alvey A.
Adee, D. C. $4,500.
Third Assistant Secretary.-William
Phillips, Mass., $4,500.

The office of Third Assistant Secretary of State was vacant from the resignation of Dudley Field Malone in November, 1913, until the confirmation of Mr. Phillips on March 13. Mr. Phillips at the time of his appointment was secretary of the Corporation of Harvard Univer

Ten Cabinet officers, constituting the President's advisory council, each in charge of one of the great Departments of the Government, are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, for a term subject to the President's pleasure. The salary of the Cabinet officers is $12,000 each. With one exception, noted below, the members of the present Cabinet were nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate on March 5, 1913. By Act of Congress, in the case of vacancy in office of President through the death or removal of both Mr. Lansing, whose residence is WaPresident and Vice-President, the tertown, N. Y., was confirmed on March Cabinet officers succeed to the Presi-27, and took the oath of office on April 1, succeeding John Bassett Moore, who dency in the order indicated below. resigned on March 4.

sity.

Director of the Consular Service.— Wilbur J. Carr, N. Y., $4,500.

Counselor.-Robert Lansing, N. Y.

$6,000.

Solicitor.-Cone Johnson, Tex. $5,000. Mr. Johnson was confirmed on March 27, succeeding Joseph W. Folk (Mo.), who resigned on March 1 to become

chief counsel of the Interstate Commerce

Commission.

Bureau of Accounts.-Chief, William McNeir. $2,300.

Bureau of Appointments.-Chief, M. M. Shand, N. J. $2,100.

Diplomatic Bureau.-Chief, Sydney Y. deroth, $6,000. Charged with superinSmith, D. C. $2,250.