laws, whose drastic provisions in some states are being repealed, as in Missouri, New Jersey and Colorado. The holding of public-school sessions on Saturdays was successfully opposed in Pueblo, Col., St. Louis and Denver. The Seventh Day Adventists coöperate with Jews in resisting such encroachments. Jewish Progress in the United States. Further efforts are being made to prevent managers of theaters and motion-picture houses from permitting performances of acts and exhibitions of films containing malicious and scurrilous caricature of Jews. The Chicago Board of Education has established at John Smith Public School courses in Hebrew and Jewish history. On June 19 Attorney-General Carmody of New York announced that he would appoint district attorneys in several counties of the state to prosecute summer resorts or hotels which advertise in violation of the civil rights law of 1913. On Feb. 10 was celebrated the completion of the translation of the Bible from the Masoretic text by a joint board of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the Jewish Publication Society. Resolutions excluding from membership all Jews affiliated with Christian Science were adopted by D. G. Lodge, No. 4, I. O. B. B., at San Francisco, on Feb. 17. The Jewish Immigrants' Information Bureau, Galveston, was closed Oct. 1st, and that admirable movement to divert the stream of Jewish immigration to the far West has ended. The president of the Hungarian branch of the Jewish Colonization Association came to New York in June to complete arrangements for the colonization of 15,000 foreign Jews on farm lands in the Middle West. Effort is being made to increase the efficiency of the Young Men's Hebrew Association in various cities and new buildings are planned in some in stances. The principal Jewish institutions opened during the year include Temple Emanu-El, Birmingham, Ala.; Bnai Sholom Temple, Chicago; Sunday School building, Louisville, Ky.; Country Home, Hebrew Benevolent Society, Baltimore; school, Cambridge, Mass.: Home for Incurables, St. Louis; Community Building, Buffalo; Israel Orphan Asylum, Hebrew Infant Asylum annex, Henry Meinhard Memorial House, Harlem Kindergarten, New York; Jewish Maternity Hospital, Kenesseth Israel School House, Lebanon Hospital, Day Nursery Home, Philadelphia; B'nai B'rith Hall, Dallas, Tex.; B'nai B'rith Orphan Asylum, Erie, Pa. In addition the corner stone of the new Barnert Hospital, at Paterson, N. J., was laid, and synagogues were opened at Berkeley, Cal., Thomasville, Ga., Fort Wayne, Ind., Chelsea, Mass., Elizabeth, N. J., Jersey City, N. J., Oklahoma City, and several in New York. Events Abroad.-In Russia there were continuous restrictions on the education of the Jews, with steady expulsions from within the Pale, a series of more or less serious exactions, but happily without a pogrom. The anti-Jewish boycott in Poland made further progress. Roumania still evaded her promises to make her Jewish soldiers full citizens. There was an active agitation against Jews in Roumania, and self-defense societies were organized by Jews. In the new Balkan states and in Turkey Jewish rights have been fairly safeguarded. In Palestine, owing to a dispute as to the language of instruction, the movement to promote technical training at the Haifa Technicum was checked, if not disrupted. In Germany and Switzerland university authorities restricted the number of Russian Jewish students. The oath "more Judaico" was abolished by the Croatian Diet. The Bulgarian Government made instruction in Hebrew and Judaism compulsory for all Jewish children attending state schools. Rabbis of France appointed a Sabbath committee for stricter Sabbath observance. The German Minister of War ordered that Jewish soldiers have every facility to observe their Sabbath. The Kaiser gave Ernest Sellin of Kiel 16,000 marks to proceed with his investigations at Shechem, Palestine. Berlin municipality received bequests of nearly 700,000 marks from wealthy Jews for public charities. Despite constant exactions and petty persecutions, Jewish educational funds increased in Russia and a Moscow publishing house was established to issue He brew text-books for the proposed Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Turkey abolished the law debarring foreign Jews from entering and remaining in Palestine. Three Jewish post offices were opened in Jerusalem, with others to follow at Safed and Haifa. Many London synagogues permitted women to vote, and a Jewish Peace Society was organized in London. RELIGIOUS BODIES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1913 The aggregates of the accompanying | Baptist, 261,692, and Methodist, 219,table show a considerable advance in 974. The total net increase of comthe year 1913 over the previous year municants was, with some necessary (see A. Y. B., 1912, p. 763). The corrections in the table for 1912, largest increases in members for the 1,434,966, of churches, 2,473 and of year were Roman Catholic, 786,807, ministers, 2,298. XXX. ART, ARCHEOLOGY, MUSIC, AND DRAMA PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND HANDICRAFTS Societies. The American Federa- | schools. Miss Florence N. Levy, section of Arts held its fifth annual retary, arranged an important calenconvention in Chicago on May 21-23. dar of lectures. Nineteen new chapters brought the constituent total to 200; 11 have been added since that time. The Federation has demonstrated strength and growth in uniting the force of scattered local organizations and looks forward to undertaking the upbuilding of the National Gallery of Art and the establishment of a ministry of fine arts. In educational service, besides its work in lectures and in extending the influence of its magazine, Art and Progress, and undertaking the publication of the American Art Annual, it had sent out in 12 months 23 traveling exhibitions shown at 114 places, some as far west as the Pacific, viewed by 300,000 persons and resulting in $4,900.83 in sales. In June a selection from the Carnegie exhibition was sent out. Among new organizations the Guild of Boston Artists was formed in March with combined professional and lay membership. A new society of landscape painters followed in New York in April. The Omaha Society of Fine Arts collected more than half the amount needed for the purchase or erection of a home and gallery. The first exhibition of the Wisconsin Society of Painters and Sculptors was held in Milwaukee (March 19-April 16). The Society of Philadelphia Newspaper Artists was organized in March. The valuable work of the School Art League was reviewed for the year by John W. Alexander, president, at the annual meeting in New York on Dec. 5. Miss Helen Greenleaf, docent, reported on work in the The National Academy of Design in New York still continued to accept works without hanging them. The 40 trustees of the association of ten societies found no solution of the question of adequate gallery space. In March the president of the Academy revived in a newspaper interview the defeated project for building on the site of the arsenal in Central Park, then finally abandoned by the Park Department. Other plans, including the Grand Central terminal project, had been laid aside. In April the project for a combined Academy and Department of Fine Arts at Columbia University was dropped. And yet in 1914 the works accepted but not hung by the Acad-. emy were hung elsewhere and two societies seemed better to the artist public than one, a return to the situation of 1877-1906. Unlike the old Society of American Artists, the new arrival, the Allied Artists of America, did not in its inception spring from an antagonism between different ideals of painting; rather it set itself, after long waiting, to achieve the very task which has so far balked the Academy, "to provide an opportunity for exhibiting work by the ever-increasing number of artists, for whom the existing organizations are unable to make room." Not that it was immediately ready to provide room. Its first exhibition, held in the Municipal Gallery of the new Washington Irving High School (March 21-May 1), was for lack of space devoted to the work of members; 121 paintings were shown. American Painters and Sculptors, whose idea is to represent contemporary art, European as well as American; and the new body on the MacDowell plan, which will present no large salons and tolerate no jury. The Jury Question.-The scope of jury action was ventilated in the cases of the Pennsylvania Academy, the Corcoran Gallery and the forthcoming exhibition at the Panama-Pacific Exposition by an agitation conducted for some five months in the columns of various newspapers and art journals, in particular the American Art News. The question raised was how far the practice of inviting works for exhibition preëmpted wall space which the jury might otherwise use for admitting works submitted in competition. Many Academy men were found in might exhibit simultaneously. If this the new society, including the presi- project comes to effect, the old Acaddent, John W. Alexander. The offi- emy will be flanked by three new cers elected were Ernest Albert, bodies, the Allied Artists of America, president; Hobart Nicholls, vice- who will reject but not omit to hang president; G. Glenn Newell, secre- the unrejected; the Association of tary; Frank Bicknell, treasurer. The prologue to this organization was the exhibition in January of the works accepted and not hung by the Academy. Sixty artists responded to the call of Ernest Albert and, after listening to sympathetic incitement from the Academy's president, organized for their temporary purpose. Whether or not, once the gallery problem is solved, the two societies maintain another 30-years' independence, the new body will surely serve meanwhile to underscore the need of hanging room. The new society of 1913, the Association of American Painters and Sculptors, which did not, like the Allied Artists of America, disclaim rivalry with the Academy, accomplished little for its country, except, in its turn, to bear offspring. Its The official statement meeting on May 18 produced no pro- of the Pennsylvania Academy showed gramme. Maurice Prendergast was that for the 1914 exhibition 173 chosen president to succeed Arthur works were substantially invited out B. Davies. Walt Kuhn declined re- of a total of 330 hung. Of the uninelection as secretary and H. F. Taylor vited works in 1914, the Philadelwas substituted. The remaining of- phia, New York and Boston juries ficers are J. Mowbray-Clarke, vice- contributed 137 as follows: in Philapresident, and Elmer MacRae, treas- delphia out of 1,203 submitted, 100; urer. Eight members resigned, leav- in Boston out of 243 submitted, 23; ing 16. The treasurer's statement in New York out of 596 submitted, that the receipts of the 1913 show 14. The authorities of the Corcoran amounted to $82,000, of which $70,- Gallery avowed their practice of in000 was taken in at the Armory dis-vitation but vouchsafed no figures. play in New York (A. Y. B., 1913, John E. D. Trask, director for the p. 767), testified to the remarkable Panama-Pacific Exposition, expected impression made by the society's first to invite 400 to 500 contemporary effort. Following his resignation, works and to receive twice the numGeorge Bellows, a member of the ber from the action of a system of MacDowell Club's committee on art interlocking juries. Complaint was exhibitions, published a statement also directed against the Carnegie looking to a new organization. The Institute jury as lacking variety MacDowell Club, concluding that it from year to year. In the eight years was giving too much emphasis to from 1907 the jury lists showed that painting and planning to turn its of the 88 places (ten filled each year attention to dramatic work, had by ballot and one held by the Instivoted to discontinue its novel series tute's director), 40 places had been of group exhibitions at the end of occupied by six men. The Art Instianother year. In the proposed or- tute, Chicago, deliberated a proposal ganization the MacDowell Club idea to allow the election of the jury by would be expanded. A building would exhibiting oil painters. The Philadelbe obtained and seven or eight gal- phia prize, established for the Pennleries opened, in which self-formed sylvania Academy by Edward Bok, is groups of eight to twelve painters to be awarded by vote of visitors. Exhibitions.-In New York the American Exposition, Shepherd's winter exhibition of the National Bush, London, during the summer. Academy (closed Jan. 18) contained Cincinnati's museum had a replete 351 paintings and sculptures, more programme of the various exhibithan half by non-members; the spring tions on circuit. The Baltimore exhibition, 396. Several important Charcoal Club (Feb. 9 - March 8) displays were made in the Municipal drew 10,000 visitors. The Society of Gallery of the new Washington Irv- Washington Artists (April 9-28) dising High School. The Architectural played 135 exhibits. Ninety-one artLeague (Feb. 8-28) awarded its ists contributed to the annual show medal of honor to Barry Faulkner. of the Society of Buffalo Artists in Three of the Ten American Painters April. The Society of Arts and (March 21-April 4) were absent, Crafts, Boston, devoted its spring exReid, Simmons and Dewing. John hibition to ecclesiastic art. The Singer Sargent was elected to the year's sales amounted to $72,000. The place of Robert McCameron, deceased, exhibition of the Minnesota State Art in the National Society of Portrait Society, instead of being sent on cirPainters, which closed its exhibition cuit through the state, was held conon Feb. 14. The Pastellists exhibited currently with the state fair at St. in the National Arts Club in Feb- Paul. The attendance reached 120,ruary. The eighth annual exhibition 000. The Hartford Arts and Crafts under the auspices of the National Society exhibited paintings, porcelains Society of Craftsmen (Dec. 2-28) and jewelry. There were 1,252 entries made an unusually extensive show- in the October handicraft display at ing in ceramics. Samuel T. Shaw, the Art Institute, Chicago, which in founder of several annual prizes, showed 100 of his American paintings at the Salmagundi Club through the summer. Fashions were traced from 1776 to date at the Colony Club; and the Beaux Arts ball with Venetian pageant at the Hotel Astor deserves record. Remarkable loan collections of old masters were the groups of 19 early English portraits, 28 Gainsboroughs, 11 Turners, 19 Dutch masters and 34 Fragonards. December showed some of the paintings from the annual exhibitions of the Royal Canadian Academy (318) and the Montreal Art Association (431). Fifty-two Americans represented at the new Paris Salon and 60 at the old; but only three at the international exhibition at Venice. were Sculptures. During the year Lorado Taft completed several large figures for his "Fountain of Time." Frederick Macmonnies put in plaster Outside New York the Society of two heroic figures for the entrance to Western Artists exhibited to Jan. 24 the Public Library, New York. Comat the Art Institute, Chicago, fol- memorative statues included Daniel lowed there by the works of artists Chester French's portrait of R. W. of Chicago and vicinity (Feb. 23- Emerson at Concord, Mass.; William March 1) and the twenty-seventh an- Ordway Partridge's Thomas Jefferson nual exhibition of oils and sculptures at Columbia University; R. Tait Mac(Nov. 3-Dec. 8). The Pennsylvania Kenzie's Franklin as a youth at the Academy (Feb. 8-March 29) awarded University of Pennsylvania; Edward its gold medal of honor to Mary Cas- Berge's Colonel Armistead (1812) at satt, the first award since 1911, and Fort McHenry; John J. Boyle's Comin its group feature honored Jonas modore John Barry at Washington; Lie. The Carnegie Institute (April and Edmond T. Quinn's Edwin Booth 30-June 30) assembled 342 paintings, for Gramercy Park, New York. For of which 184 were by Americans, and the Panama-Pacific Exposition imporhonored Paul Dougherty in a group tant work was in hand by Robert display of 24. The attendance reached Aitken, John Flanagan, Charles 49,750. The Corcoran exhibition Grafly, Herman A. MacNeill, Albert opened Dec. 15. J. Alden Weir re- Laessle, Charles Niehaus, C. C. Rumceived first prize and gold medal. sey, James E. Fraser, Solon Borglum, Hugo Reisinger selected and directed Alexander Stirling Calder and others. the display of 200 contemporary In exhibitions the scholarly and vigAmerican canvases at the Anglo-orous work of Paul Manship has at |