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that a larger representation of women ers who have risen out of the medley in official positions is desirable. Lively of new ideas and policies which for a interest was shown in the discussion time seemed to threaten the foundaof vocational training both before the tions essential to solid progress, general meeting and the sessions of whose addresses on elementary, secthe special department. The associa- ondary and vocational education made tion heartily endorsed the plea for na-up a complete survey of well defined tional aid for this order of training. needs and purposes to which public In view of the purpose to merge the education must respond. annual meeting of the association in 1915 into an international congress, unusual importance attaches to the office of president for the coming year. The election of Dr. David Starr Jordan to this office and his acceptance assure the success of the large plans for the International Congress of Education which will convene at Oakland, Cal., Aug. 16-18, 1915. The American Institute of Instruc-munity service; the first national contion held its eighty-third annual meet- ference of state supervisors of rural ing at Harvard University, July 1-4, schools; and the meeting of the li1914. The organization makes no ef- brary department. In the last named fort simply to attract numbers, but it the topic of chief interest was the exerts great influence on educational county library movement. The registhought throughout the country. The ter showed an attendance of 1,929 meeting at Harvard University was members, representing 37 states and marked by the participation of lead-the District of Columbia.

The Conference for Education in the South held its seventeenth annual meeting in Louisville on April 7. Among special features of the Conference were the exhibit of a country community in the process of self-development, depicted by a series of exhibits and conferences; the conference of country women on problems of home life, rural industries and com

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JOHNSTON, Charles Hughes.-The Mod(New York, Scrib

ern High School.
ners, 1914.)

KELLEY, Florence.-Modern Industry in

Relation to the Family, Health, Education, Morality. (New York, Longmans, Green & Co.)

KEPPEL, Frederick Paul. - Columbia. ("American College and University Series.") (New York, Oxford University Press.)

KERSCHENSTEINER, Georg.-The Schools
and the Nation. English translation
with introduction by Lord Haldane.
(New York, Macmillan Co., 1914.)
KILPATRICK, William Heard.-The Mon-
tessori System Examined. (Boston,
Houghton, Mifflin Co.)

MANGOLD, George B.-Problems of Child
Welfare. (New York, Macmillan Co.)
MCMURRAY, Charles A. - Conflicting
Principles in Teaching and How to
Adjust Them. (Boston, Houghton,
Mifflin Co., 1914.)

MONTESSORI, Maria.-Dr. Montessori's
Own Handbook. (New York, F. A.
Stokes Co., 1914.)
MOZANS, H. J.-Woman in Science.

(New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1913.)
SLOSSON, Edwin E.-Major Prophets of
To-day. (Boston, Little, Brown &
Co.)

TAYLOR, James Monroe.-Before Vassar Opened. (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Co.)

THWING, Charles Franklin.-The American College and What It May Be

come. (New York, Platt & Peck Co.) U. S. Bureau of Education.-Report of Commissioner of Education for 1913. (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914.)

LIBRARIES JAMES I. WYER, JR.

General Survey.-There are a halfdozen distinct currents characteristic of American library work for the past 30 years which are still potent and along which the work is likely to grow for a considerable time. It is impossible to name these in the order of their relative importance, but certainly among the foremost influences which have shaped library history in this country has been the steady stream of individual benevolence which has resulted in buildings, books and endowment. Beginning with the early gifts, notable in their day, from the Astors, Enoch Pratt and George Peabody, private gifts to American libraries have now aggregated a total impossible to compute exactly but certainly approximating $125,000,000. Chief among these donors has, of course, been Andrew Carnegie, whose library gifts now total upward of $50,000,000. These vast sums, significant in themselves, gain an added potency from their effect upon the development of library architecture, their stimulation of professional training for librarianship, the fixing of the principle of tax support for free libraries and the emphasis which they create in the public mind and conscience upon the importance of the library as a social institution.

No single influence has meant more for the achievement of uniformity and economy in methods and administration than the conduct of the Library of Congress under Dr. Herbert Putnam since 1899. Not alone has the concept of the Library of Congress as a truly national library been strengthened through the ideals of its librarian and its acceptance and support by Congress, but in specific methods of service, such as uniform printed catalogue cards, printed reference lists, coöperation with the American Library Association in important publishing enterprises, interlibrary lending of its books, the library has ac

tively coöperated to reduce the cost of administration and promote the highest efficiency of all libraries.

It is within the present generation that children have been welcomed in libraries and that a distinct methodology has been created for serving them. It is impossible to forecast the effect upon fixed habits of reading and study which will certainly be noticeable within the next one or two generations and which must be due, perhaps more than to our schools, to the work of libraries with young children.

As libraries grew and multiplied both through private gifts and public interest and support it became necessary to develop competent librarians. It is not yet 30 years since the first library school was established. day there are a dozen or more, sending out each year two or three hundred recruits for professional work in all parts of the country.

To

The American Library Association has of right been a potent factor in its field. More important than the influence seen and felt through its annual meetings, its notable series of publications and the work done in its recently established headquarters office, have been the ideals which it has upheld and the professional esprit de corps which it has created. The affiliation of other organizations national in scope and of kindred purpose and a recent membership provision associating state library associations with the parent body achieve a most important and desirable professional solidarity.

No summary of recent history and present tendencies can fail to note the marvelous growth of library work in those ways which are summarized by the term “library extension." Not only has the one or central library in each large city thrown off branches, delivery stations, traveling libraries, and utilized schools, factories, depart

ment stores, parks, playgrounds, and | lic Library Commission instead of a host of other agencies, for the dis- upon the order of the state superintribution of its books, but 34 Ameri- tendent of public instruction as hereThe Library Commission is can states have established a central tofore. bureau, board or commission, usually also to adopt rules for the managein the state library, which stands in ment and use of these libraries and to the same relation to the public libra- direct the manner of selecting books, ries of the state as the state depart- superseding therein the state Board ment of public instruction stands to of Education. The Library Commisthe free schools. These library com- sion may also consolidate and estabmissions are charged with large func-lish in one place the school libraries tions in organization, inspection, instruction, and encouragement of libraries and their librarians. quently considerable grants of state money are apportioned and regulated The notable by these commissions. zeal and fine spirit with which this work of library extension uniformly has been prosecuted can hardly be matched in achievement by any similar spiritual or educational movement. Legislation. The only library laws of importance enacted during 1914 are in New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts. In New York Chapter 51, Laws of 1914, affected the organization and administration of school libraries in the following ways: by making every school library a free circulating library for all the people of those districts where there is not a free library in operation; by giving increased professional recognition and a definite legal status to the position of school librarian, who heretofore has been classed, appointed and paid only as a teacher, but whose position is now as definitely recognized and provided for as that of school teacher; by making specific provision for the joint employment of the same librarian by the school library and the local public library whenever combining the two positions will make it possible to employ a trained library worker; and by providing for the creation by the school trustees of a sep-brary extension, were peculiarly aparate public library and the transference to this new library of such of the school-library books as are not needed for school use whenever the use of the school library by the general public develops to a degree that embarrasses the school authorities.

in any district where such consolidaA school district is tion will advance educational and liFre- brary interests. given the new power to appropriate necessary sums for the care and management of libraries established under the act, and the expenses of the Commission in carrying out these provisions are to be paid from public funds. Chapter 29 makes it the duty of the state librarian to collect and organize all information and other material needed for legislative-reference purposes and to this end an appropriation of $1,000 is made.

Chapter 186, Laws of New Jersey, 1914, amends the school law as follows. The money appropriated by the state for school libraries is to be paid hereafter upon the order of the Pub

Chapter 118, Laws of Massachusetts, 1914, establishes the right of library contract between the citizens of one community and any public library in the same or another city or town.

This facilitates county and town library extension.

Meetings. The year 1914 witnessed in the annual meeting of the American Library Association at Washington, May 22-26, the largest attendance (1,366) of any of its 36 similar conferences. Under the presidency of Edwin H. Anderson, director of the New York Public Library, four general sessions were held, with programmes notable for solid content and interest. Several of the topics chosen for consideration, such as the tariff on books, the neglect of national archives, and government aid and coöperation in li

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propriate at a meeting in the national
capital. An unusually interesting and
highly profitable feature of the meet-
ing was the comparative exhibit of
the labor-saving devices conceived and
The papers
brought together by the committee on
library administration.
and proceedings appear in extenso in
the Bulletin of the Association for
The officers for 1914-15
July, 1914.
are: president, Hiller C. Wellman,
City Library Association, Springfield,

Public Library; and Carl H. Milam, librarian of the new Public Library, Birmingham, Alabama.

Mass.; vice-presidents, W. N. C. Carl- | B. Kaiser, librarian of the Tacoma ton, Newberry Library, Chicago, and Mary L. Titcomb, Washington County Free Library, Hagerstown, Md.; secretary, George B. Utley, 78 East Washington St., Chicago.

Certain sectional meetings have come to transcend in importance the local club or association standing sponsor for them and to form midyear rallying ground for large numbers of library workers. Particularly notable during 1914 were the meetings of the League of Library Commissions at Chicago in January, with delegates in attendance from 15 states; the joint meeting of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Library Associations at Atlantic City in March, with an attendance of close to 200; and the New York Library Association at Cornell University in September, with 160 librarians present from ten states.

New library associations noted during the year are those in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and in the state of West Virginia.

Library Training. Due to a change in president and policy at Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, the library school maintained there for over 20 years was discontinued during the year.

As if to keep intact the number of such agencies for training, the California Library School was opened on Jan. 12 at the California State Library with 15 students in charge of a faculty chiefly composed of the members of its staff. California has long sent its young people ambitious for library service to eastern library schools, and the new institution will fill a recognized place for which plans have been perfecting for several years. In the interest of the very desirable high standards of educational preparation for library service, it is gratifying to note that the California school, like its older exemplars in the east, will be placed upon a graduate basis in September, 1915.

Changes in Personnel.-Important appointments of the year are those of William Dawson Johnston, librarian of St. Paul Public Library, in succession to Mrs. Helen J. McCaine, who retires after service of 40 years; John

William C. Kimball, for 20 years trustee of the Passaic (N. J.) Public Library, instrumental in creating the New Jersey Public Library Commission, and since 1900 its chairman, died on Jan. 17 (Lib. Jour., xxxix, 110, 205). Frank A. Hutchins, a pioneer in library extension in Wisconsin and for six years the first secretary of the Wisconsin Free Library Commission, died at Madison on Jan. 26 (Public Libraries, xix, 109). Miss Katharine Lucinda Sharp, formerly director of the University of Illinois library school and for many years prominent in library affairs, died at Lake Placid, N. Y., on June 1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANTRIM, S. B.-The_County_Library. (Van Wert, Ohio, Pioneer Press.) Chiefly a history of the Brumback Library, Van Wert, Ohio, with a summary of county library work in the United States. (Reviewed in Lib. Jour., Aug., 1914.)

BAKER, E. A.-A Guide to Historical Fiction. (Macmillan.) (Reviewed in Lib. Jour., June, 1914.) BALDWIN, E. V.-"Library Service." (A L. A. Manual of Library Economy, ch. 14.) (This and the four following titles in the same series are reviewed in Lib. Jour., Aug., 1914.) BISHOP, W. W.-Practical Handbook of Modern Library Cataloging. (Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co.) (Reviewed in Lib. Jour., Aug., 1914.) BOLTON, C. K.-"Proprietary and Subscription Libraries." (A. L. A. Manual of Library Economy, ch. 5.) HICKS, F. C.-Aids to the Study and

Use of Law Books. (Baker Voorhis.) KAISER, J. B.-Law, Legislative and Municipal Reference Libraries. (Boston LORD, I. E.-"The Free Public Library.” Book Co.) (A. L. A. Manual of Library Economy, ch. 6.) OLCOTT, F. J.-"Library Work with Children." (A. L. A. Manual of Library Economy, ch. 29.) RICHARDSON, E. C.-The Beginnings of Libraries. (Princeton University Press.)

VITZ, C. P. P.-"Loan Work.” (A. L. A. Manual of Library Economy, ch. 21.)

XXXIII. CHRONOLOGY AND NECROLOGY

AMERICAN CHRONOLOGY

DECEMBER, 19131

17. A treaty of peace on the Bryan plan is signed at Washington between the United States and Nicaragua.

The Republican National Committee adopts a new basis of apportionment of delegates to national conventions.

18. A treaty of peace on the Bryan plan is signed at Washington between the United States and the Netherlands. 19. The Senate passes the amended Currency bill.

The President signs the Hetch-Hetchy bill, permitting San Francisco to impound a water supply in the Yosemite National Park.

22. The House accepts the conference report on the Currency bill.

23. The Senate accepts the conference report on the Currency bill and the bill is signed by the President as the Federal Reserve Act.

Both houses of Congress recess until Jan. 12, 1914.

24.-Seventy-two persons are killed in a fire panic in a hall at Calumet, Mich. 25.-President Wilson arrives at Pass Christian, Miss., for a three weeks' vacation.

JANUARY

2.-President Wilson confers with John Lind on board the cruiser Chester off Pass Christian, Miss.

4. The tank steamer Oklahoma sinks off Sandy Hook with a loss of 32 men. 5.-Secretaries McAdoo and Houston, as the Organization Committee of the Federal reserve system, begin a series of hearings at New York.

6. The U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals at Chicago confirms the sentences of 24 of the members of the Ironworkers' Union convicted of dynamite outrages and grants new trials to six.

7. The craneboat Lavalley makes the first complete passage of the Panama Canal.

9.-Pablo Desvernine, Minister from Cuba to the United States, resigns.

1 Through a printer's error the chronology of Dec. 17-31, 1913, was omitted from the last issue of the YEAR BOOK.

The Massachusetts Supreme Court annuls an order of the Public Service Commission permitting the New Haven Railroad to issue $67,700,000 of bonds.

10. An agreement is reached between the Government and the New Haven Railroad for the dissolution of the sys

tem without litigation.

12. Both houses of Congress reassemble.

The Catskill Aqueduct under the Hudson River is holed through.

13.-President Wilson returns to Washington.

James M. Curley (Dem.), Representative in Congress from Massachusetts, is elected mayor of Boston.

The Wright aeroplane patents are upheld by the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals at New York.

15. The Nicaraguan Congress approves the proposed treaty with the United States on canal rights.

Charles H. Moyer, president, and 37 other officers and members of the Western Federation of Miners are indicted

at Houghton, Mich., for conspiracy in connection with the strike of copper miners.

17.-Col. Wm. C. Gorgas is nominated as surgeon-general of the Army.

19. The Senate confirms the nomination of John Skelton Williams as Comptroller of the Currency.

20.-President Wilson reads his message on anti-trust legislation in joint session of the two houses of Congress. The Circuit Court at Milwaukee declares unconstitutional the Wisconsin eugenic marriage law.

24. The Senate passes the Alaskan Railway bill.

26.-President Wilson confers on the Mexican situation with the members of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

27.-President Wilson signs an order creating the new government of the Panama Canal Zone, in effect April 1.

The Senate confirms the nominations of Henry M. Pindell as Ambassador to Russia, and of Winfred T. Denison as Secretary of the Interior of the Philippine Islands.

The House adopts a resolution au

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