deck left. Every man there had been killed, and one turret blown bodily overboard by a 12-inch lyddite shell. But in all this slaughter, which lasted for half a day, there was never a thought of surrender. "Spee and Cradock," said John Buchan, "lie beneath those Southern waters in the final concord of those who have looked unshaken upon death."

The victory was made complete two days later, when it became known that the Nürnberg, one of the two light German cruisers that escaped destruction in the first action, had been overtaken by Sturdee's squadron and sent to join her fellows, and by a despatch from Buenos Ayres indicat

The Dresden, a sister-ship of the Emden, the commerce-raider, was in the Falkland Islands battle, but escaped from the action and was afterward bottled up

ing that the swift Dresden, the sole survivor of Spee's forces, had been bottled up. Sturdee in this battle had at least nine ships under his flag, including the battleships Albemarle and Hindustan, and the battle-cruisers Lion, Indefatigable, and Indomitable. That three battle-cruisers should have been detached from Admiral Beatty's division, after the service they performed in the fight of August 28 off Heligoland in the North Sea, was of itself a sufficient indication of the importance attached by the British Admiralty to the task of avenging Cradock's squadron and clearing the ocean of German ships. Any one of the three battle-cruisers, on sheer weight of metal, should have been more than a match for the German squadron.

It was not until January 24 that ships of the dreadnought class were first matched against others of the dreadnought class. On that date the most powerful German fleet that had ventured to sea since the war began was met and defeated at the Dogger Bank in the North Sea, by a British battlecruiser squadron under Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, the victor of Heligoland. Surprized into an action which they had sought to avoid, the battle-cruisers Derfflinger, Seydlitz, and Moltke, the armored cruiser Blücher and several light cruisers, were hammered in a running fight of three hours and a half by the British battle-cruisers Tiger, Lion, Princess Royal, New Zealand, and Indomitable, assisted by a few light cruisers and destroyers. After the battle had covered more than 100 miles, at a speed never before known in naval warfare (a speed equal to the Mauretania's), and had carried the British to the fringe of mines guarding German naval bases, the German armored cruiser Blücher, shattered by the guns of the British Lion, went to the bottom and two German battle-cruisers were badly damaged. Other German ships regained protection from land forts, submarines, and mines.

On the Blücher probably more than 700 lives were lost. The casualties on the battle-cruisers that escaped may have been larger. Only 123 of the Blücher's complement of 885 officers and men were understood to have been rescued. The destruction of the Blücher was the hardest blow that had yet been suffered by the German Navy. She cost $6,750,000. No British ship was lost or seriously damaged. Admiral Beatty reported that only eleven men were wounded on his flagship. The Lion led the fight, as she did at Heligoland, when Sir David drove her at twenty-eight knots and got up in time to save a light cruiser and destroyer. One course only was open to the Germans when they encountered Beatty's squadron-to make for home with all possible speed-for they were hopelessly outclassed; the most they could expect to do was to get away without loss. The loss of the Blücher was a serious blow to them. She was built to offset the first of the British battle-cruisers, the Indomitable, which had taken part in this engagement, but had proved herself inferior to cruisers of the class she was supposed to

rival. It was difficult to account for the circumstances that exposed the German squadron to this reverse, except on a supposition that a recent raid on Scarborough had created an excess of confidence among the Germans. All the ships that took part in the battle participated in the raid on Scarborough, with the exception of the Blücher.

The Blücher, a powerful pre-dreadnought, well protected, was the fifth German armored cruiser to be sent to the bottom. Of this type Germany now had left four out of the nine with which she began the war. Four of the five that were sunk were the newest, having been launched between 1904 and 1908. The four included all the known effective vessels of their class in German waters, with the exception of the Von der Tann, which was reported to have sustained injury. The most serious British damage was sustained by the Lion, Beatty's flagship, which had been instrumental in sinking the Blücher. She was hit once below the water-line and several of her forward compartments were flooded so that she had to take up a hawser from the Indomitable and be towed into port. The Tiger, Princess Royal, New Zealand, and the crippled Lion found port at Leith.

When the German fleet was overtaken in the fight, and the Blücher had fallen behind, with the other big ships racing to escape, the British cruisers went after the Moltke, the Seydlitz and the Derfflinger. As the Lion passed the Blücher she let go a salvo that shook the German boat from stem to stern. She then steamed on and left the Princess Mary to rake the Blücher with a broadside, while a few minutes later the flying Tiger repeated the attack, until the Blücher was completely disabled. "We were now closing in," said a British officer afterward, "as the Blücher, her speed failing, began to lag behind." Her nose "pointed home and she was struggling hard to get into shelter of the mine-field." But she "died game, pounding away with her stern guns to the last." She was afire afterward and was just struggling along when the end came. When sinking by the head she "let fly a salvo from the aft turrets." The Arethusa finished off the Blücher with a couple of torpedoes. There had come a time when the Blücher "wasn't worth any more heavy powder and shot; so word was passed to

THE GERMAN BATTLE CRUISER "SEYDLITZ"

The Seydlitz took part in both the Dogger Bank and the Jutland battles. She was among the ships interned at Scapa Flow, where she was sunk by Admiral von Reuter, along with the other German ships in June, 1919 GERMAN SHIPS IN THE DOGGER BANK BATTLE

us on the Arethusa to set to work with torpedoes"-so said one of the crew, who added:

"We could not miss her, for she was almost stationery. Our second torpedo went right into her amidships. She had a terrible

The Königsberg, which had made raids on merchant ships, was finally bottled up at the mouth of a river in German East Africa, where escape became impossible

list even before this, and had thrown up the sponge. Her crew were game to the last. We saw 'em lining up at the taff-rail standing at attention. It was a thrilling moment. No man with any feelings could fail to admire such coolness. When we had launched our second and last torpedo we knew that the end would come quickly. We steamed within 200 yards. They would have met their deaths standing rigidly at attention had not warning been sent to them. Shipping up a megaphone one of our officers shouted to them in German. They understood and waved their caps, and after shouting a hurrah all took headers into the water. We threw overboard some hundreds of planks and they clung to them until our boats picked them up. To do this we had to dodge the bombs which two aeroplanes tried to drop on us. In the meantime our torpedoes had got home. The explosion had appalling results. Not a man of the crew would have survived it if they had remained standing at attention. The Blücher sank like a tin can filled with water."

In July the German cruiser Königsberg, which in the autumn had taken refuge from the British in the Rufiji River in German East Africa, was totally wrecked by British river monitors. The Königsberg was a vessel of 3,348 tons, and had a speed of 23 knots. She was a protected cruiser. Using Zanzibar harbor for a base, she had preyed on British merchantmen in the Indian Ocean since the beginning of