Dennis, J.: "The Wartons," Studies in English he tried to express them in the Il Penseroso manLiterature (London, Stanford, 1876). ner."-Myra Reynolds, in The Treatment of Nature Pattison, M.: "Pope and His Editors," Essays, in English Poetry between Pope and Wordsworth 1854-82, 2 vols., ed. by H. Nettleship (Oxford, Oxford Warehouse, 1889). (1896). 75. "The public has been so much accustomed of late to didactic poetry alone, and essays on moral subjects, that any work where the imagination is much indulged, will perhaps 76. not be relished or regarded. The author therefore of these pieces is in some pain lest certain austere critics should think them too fanciful or descriptive. But as he is con- 77. vinced that the fashion of moralizing in verse has been carried too far, and as he looks upon invention and imagination to be the chief faculties of a poet, so he will be happy if the following odes may be looked upon as an attempt to bring back poetry into its right channel."-From Warton's prefatory Advertisement to Odes, published in 1746. The Ode to Fancy is imitative of Il Pense ro80. THOMAS WARTON (1728-1790), p. 75 EDITIONS Poetical Works, 2 vols., ed., with a Memoir, by R. Mant (Oxford, Rivington, 1802). Observations on the Fairy Queen of Spenser, 2 vols. (1754, 1807). The History of English Poetry, 3 vols. (1774-81; London, Ward and Lock, 1870); 4 vols., ed. by W. C. Hazlitt (London, Tegg, 1871, 1875). BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Chalmers, A.: The Life of Thomas Warton, B. D., in Chalmers's British Poets (London, 1810). Dennis, J. "The Wartons," Studies in English Literature (London, Stanford, 1876). Ker, W. P.: Thomas Warton (Oxford Univ. Press, 1911). Rinaker, Clarissa: "Thomas Warton and the Historical Method in Literary Criticism," Publications of the Modern Language Association, March, 1915 (n. s. 23:79). Rinaker, Clarissa: Thomas Warton: A Biographical and Critical Study (Univ. of Illinois Press, 1916). CRITICAL NOTES "Warton's work is of interest because of the many attractive details scattered through his poems, but there is little unity of effect. The general impression is that he saw Nature first through Milton's eyes, and that when he afterward made many charming discoveries for himself 78. 79. THE PLEASURES OF MELANCHOLY With regard to title and subject, cf. this poem with Akenside's The Pleasures of the Imagination (p. 44), Rogers's The Pleasures of Memory (p. 207), and Campbell's The Pleasures of Hope (p. 417). With regard to subject it should be compared with Il Penseroso. ODE ON THE APPROACH OF SUMMER In form and language, this poem is a close imitation of L'Allegro. THE CRUSADE "King Richard the First, celebrated for his achievements in the Crusades, was no less distinguished for his patronage of the Provencial minstrels, and his own compositions in their species of poetry. Returning from one of his expeditions in the Holy Land, in disguise, he was imprisoned in a castle of Leopold, Duke of Austria. His favorite minstrel, Blondel de Nesle, having traversed all Germany in search of his master, at length came to a castle, in which he found there was only one prisoner, and whose name was unknown. Suspecting that he had made the desired discovery, he seated himself under a window of the prisoner's apartment, and began a song, or ode, which the King and himself had formerly composed together. When the prisoner, who was King Richard, heard the song, he knew that Blondel must be the singer; and when Blondel paused about the middle, the King began the remainder and completed it. The following ode is supposed to be this joint composition of the minstrel and King Richard."-Warton's prefatory Advertisement. WRITTEN IN A BLANK LEAF OF DUGDALE'S MONASTICON The Monasticon Anglicanum of Sir William Dugdale (1605-86) is a treatise on English Monasteries. It was published in three volumes (1655-73). WRITTEN AT STONEHENGE In this sonnet, Warton summarizes several legends concerning the origin and meaning of Stonehenge, the celebrated prehistoric stone monument on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAIRY QUEEN OF The selections here printed are taken from the second edition, 1762. JOHN WILSON ("Christopher North") (1785-1854), p. 1153 EDITIONS Works, 12 vols., ed. by J. F. Ferrier (Edinburgh, Essays, Critical and Imaginative, 4 vols., ed. by BIOGRAPHY Douglas, G. P. S.: The Blackwood Group (Famous CRITICISM BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Dowden, E.: "Noble Authoress," Essays, Modern and Elizabethan (New York, Dutton, 1910). Gosse, E.: "Lady Winchilsea's Poems," Gossip in a Library (London, Heinemann, 1891). Reynolds, Myra: The Treatment of Nature in English Poetry between Pope and Wordsworth (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1896, 1909). BIBLIOGRAPHY Reynolds, Myra: In her edition of The Poems of CRITICAL NOTES "It is remarkable that, excepting the Nocturnal Reverie of Lady Winchilsea and a passage or two in the Windsor Forest of Pope, the poetry of the period intervening between the publication of the Paradise Lost and The Seasons does not contain a single new image of external nature, and scarcely presents a familiar one from which it can be inferred that the eye of the poet had been steadily Le Fèvre Deumier, J.: Célébrités Anglaises (Paris, fixed upon his object, much less that his feelings Didot, 1895). McCosh, J.: The Scottish Philosophy (London, Saintsbury, G.: Essays in English Literature, had urged him to work upon it in the spirit of genuine imagination."-Wordsworth, in Essay, Supplementary to the Preface (1815). * "In general feeling an Augustan, with an undercurrent of real love for nature. It is in her fondness for country life, her love of outdoor beauty, and her accurate descriptions of nature, that she differs from her contemporaries. In these important points, she may certainly be classed as Thomson, James: Biographical and Critical Studies reactionary in tendency. Her octosyllabic ode (London, Reeves, 1896). Walker, H.: The English Essay and Essayists, CRITICAL NOTES To the Nightingale has true lyric quality, and her short poems The Tree and A Nocturnal Reverie are notable expressions of nature-worship."--Phelps, in The Beginning of the English Romantic Movement (1893). THE PETITION FOR AN ABSOLUTE RETREAT The meter of this poem is that of L'Allegro. "Poetry, sport, and revelry were three fountains of inexhaustible inspiration; and it was from an intimate blending of the most vivid joys of all three that his most original and lasting work proceeded. Tavern meetings with good cheer and 2. 59. "Josephus says that every Monday Sologood society, long tramps among the heathery glens 'glorious guffawing,' as the Wilsonian Hogg put it, all night, and immeasurable murder all day,' were the elements which, flung across the rich refracting medium of his imagination, evolved those unique compounds of poetry, wit, humor, drama, high spirits, and balderdash-the Noctes Ambrosianæ."-Herford, in The Age of Wordsworth (1897). ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF WIN- EDITIONS Poems, ed., with an Introduction, by Myra Reynolds (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1903). mon went to the House of Lebanon in an open chariot, cloath'd in a robe most dazzling white, which makes that allusion not improper, and may give us grounds to believe that the lily mention'd by our Savior (compar'd to Solomon in his glory) might really be the common white lily, altho' the commentators seem in doubt what flowers are truly meant by the lilies, as thinking the plain lily not gay enough for the comparison; whereas this garment is noted by Josephus to be wonderfully beautiful tho' only white; nor can any flower, I believe, have a greater lustre than the common white lily."-Lady Winchilsea's note. chilsea's note. The passage referred to is as follows: "At Fidentia, also, Marcus Lucullus, one of Sylla's commanders, reposed such confidence in the forwardness of the soldiers as to dare to face fifty cohorts of the enemy with only sixteen of his own; but because many of them were unarmed. delayed the onset. As he stood thus waiting and considering with himself, a gentle gale of wind, bearing along with it from the neighboring meadows a quantity of flowers, scattered them down upon the army, on whose shields and helmets they settled and arranged themselves spontaneously so as to give the soldiers, in the eyes of the enemy, the appearance of being crowned with chaplets. Upon this, being yet further animated, they joined battle, and victoriously slaying eight thousand men, took the camp." -Sec. 27, 16-29, Dryden's translation. For other marvels attending the campaign of Lucullus, see Plutarch's Life of Lucullus. Sir John Moore (1761-1809) was a British general who was killed in the Battle of Corunna (Spain) against the French. He had the reputation of being the best trainer of men that the British army ever had. Wolfe's poem is said to be based on the following paragraph, which appeared in The Edinburgh Annual Register, 1808. "Sir John Moore had often said that if he was killed in battle he wished to be buried where he fell. The body was removed at midnight to the citadel of Corunna. A grave was dug for him on the rampart there, by a party of the 9th Regiment, the Aides-deCamp attending by turns. No coffin could be procured, and the officers of his staff wrapped his body, dressed as it was, in a military cloak and blankets. The interment was hastened for, about eight in the morning, some firing was heard, and the officers feared that if a serious attack was made, they should be ordered away, and not suffered to pay him their last duty. The officers of his regiment bore him to the grave; the funeral service was read by the chaplain; and the corpse was covered with earth." WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850), p. 223 EDITIONS Poetical Works, 6 vols. (Centenary ed.: London, Moxon, 1870). Poetical Works, 11 vols., ed., with a Life by W. Knight (London, Simpkin, 1882-89); 8 vols. (London, Paterson, 1896; New York, Macmillan). Complete Poetical Works, with an Introduction by J. Morley (Globe ed. London and New York, Macmillan, 1888, 1905). Poetical Works, 7 vols., ed., with a Memoir, by E. Dowden (Aldine ed. London, Bell, 1892-93; New York, Macmillan). Poetical Works, 5 vols., ed., with an Introduction, by T. Hutchinson (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1895). Poetical Works, ed. by T. Hutchinson (Oxford Univ. Press, 1896, 1911). Complete Poetical Works, ed., with a Biographical Sketch, by A. J. George (Cambridge ed.: Bos ton, Houghton, 1904). Poems, 3 vols., ed., with an Introduction, by N. C. Poems, selections, ed. by E. Dowden (Athenæum Lyrical Ballads, a Reprint, ed. by E. Dowden (London, Nutt, 1891, 1898); ed. by T. Hutchinson (London, Duckworth, 1898, 1907); ed. by H. Littledale (Oxford Univ. Press, 1911). Pocms of 1807, a Reprint, ed. by T. Hutchinson (London, Nutt, 1897). Prose Works, 3 vols., ed. by A. B. Grosart (London. Moxon, 1876). Prose Works, 2 vols., ed. by W. Knight (Eversley ed. London and New York, Macmillan, 1896). Prefaces and Essays on Poetry, ed., with an Introduction, by A. J. George (Boston, Heath, 1892). Prefaces, with Coleridge's Chapters on Wordsworth in Biographia Literaria, ed. by A. J. George (Belles Lettres ed.: Boston, Heath, 1906). Literary Criticism, ed., with an Introduction, by Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855, 3 vols., ed. by W. A. Knight (Boston and London, Ginn, 1907). The Prelude, ed., with a Preface, by A. J. George (Boston, Heath, 1888, 1900). JOHN WILSON ("Christopher North") (1785-1854), p. 1153 EDITIONS Works, 12 vols., ed. by J. F. Ferrier (Edinburgh, Essays, Critical and Imaginative, 4 vols., ed. by BIOGRAPHY Douglas, G. P. S.: The Blackwood Group (Famous CRITICISM BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Dowden, E.: "Noble Authoress," Essays, Modern and Elizabethan (New York, Dutton, 1910). Gosse, E.: "Lady Winchilsea's Poems," Gossip in a Library (London, Heinemann, 1891). Reynolds, Myra: The Treatment of Nature in English Poetry between Pope and Wordsworth (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1896, 1909). BIBLIOGRAPHY Reynolds, Myra: In her edition of The Poems of CRITICAL NOTES "It is remarkable that, excepting the Nocturnal Reverie of Lady Winchilsea and a passage or two in the Windsor Forest of Pope, the poetry of the period intervening between the publication of the Paradise Lost and The Seasons does not contain a single new image of external nature, and scarcely presents a familiar one from which it can be inferred that the eye of the poet had been steadily Le Fèvre Deumier, J.: Célébrités Anglaises (Paris, fixed upon his object, much less that his feelings Didot, 1895). McCosh, J.: The Scottish Philosophy (London, Saintsbury, G.: Essays in English Literature, had urged him to work upon it in the spirit of genuine imagination."-Wordsworth, in Essay, Supplementary to the Preface (1815). "In general feeling an Augustan, with an undercurrent of real love for nature. It is in her fondness for country life, her love of outdoor beauty, and her accurate descriptions of nature, that she differs from her contemporaries. In these important points, she may certainly be classed as Thomson, James: Biographical and Critical Studies reactionary in tendency. Her octosyllabic ode (London, Reeves, 1896). Walker, H.: The English Essay and Essayists, CRITICAL NOTES To the Nightingale has true lyric quality, and her short poems The Tree and A Nocturnal Reverie are notable expressions of nature-worship."-Phelps. in The Beginning of the English Romantic Movement (1893). "Poetry, sport, and revelry were three fountains of inexhaustible inspiration; and it was from an intimate blending of the most vivid joys of all three that his most original and lasting work proceeded. Tavern meetings with good cheer and 2. 59. good society, long tramps among the heathery glens-'glorious guffawing,' as the Wilsonian Hogg put it, all night, and immeasurable murder all day,' were the elements which, flung across the rich refracting medium of his imagination, evolved those unique compounds of poetry, wit, humor, drama, high spirits, and balderdash-the Noctes Ambrosiana."-Herford, in The Age of Wordsworth (1897). ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF WIN- EDITIONS Poems, ed., with an Introduction, by Myra Reynolds (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1903). THE PETITION FOR AN ABSOLUTE RETREAT The meter of this poem is that of L'Allegro. "Josephus says that every Monday Solomon went to the House of Lebanon in an open chariot, cloath'd in a robe most dazzling white, which makes that allusion not improper, and may give us grounds to believe that the lily mention'd by our Savior (compar'd to Solomon in his glory) might really be the common white lily, altho' the commentators seem in doubt what flowers are truly meant by the lilies, as thinking the plain lily not gay enough for the comparison; whereas this garment is noted by Josephus to be wonderfully beautiful tho' only white; nor can any flower, I believe, have a greater lustre than the common white lily."-Lady Winchilsea's note. chilsea's note. The passage referred to is as follows: pay him their last duty. The officers of his regiment bore him to the grave; the funeral service was read by the chaplain; and the corpse was covered with earth." WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850), p. 223 EDITIONS "At Fidentia, also, Marcus Lucullus, one of Sylla's commanders, reposed such confidence in the forwardness of the soldiers as to dare to face fifty cohorts of the enemy with only sixteen of his own; but because many of them were unarmed. delayed the onset. As he stood thus waiting and considering with himself, a gentle gale of wind, bearing along with it from the neighboring meadows a quantity of flowers, scattered them down upon the army, on whose shields and helmets they settled and arranged themselves spontaneously so as to give the soldiers, in the eyes of the enemy, the appearance of being crowned with chaplets. Upon this, being yet further animated, they joined battle, and victoriously Complete Poetical Works, with an Introduction by slaying eight thousand men, took the camp." -Sec. 27. 16-29, Dryden's translation. For other marvels attending the campaign of Lucullus, see Plutarch's Life of Lucullus. Sir John Moore (1761-1809) was a British general who was killed in the Battle of Corunna (Spain) against the French. He had the reputation of being the best trainer of men that the British army ever had. Wolfe's poem is said to be based on the following paragraph, which appeared in The Edinburgh Annual Register, 1808. "Sir John Moore had often said that if he was killed in battle he wished to be buried where he fell. The body was removed at midnight to the citadel of Corunna. A grave was dug for him on the rampart there, by a party of the 9th Regiment, the Aides-deCamp attending by turns. No coffin could be procured, and the officers of his staff wrapped his body, dressed as it was, in a military cloak and blankets. The interment was hastened for, about eight in the morning, some firing was heard, and the officers feared that if a serious attack was made, they should be ordered away, and not suffered to Poetical Works, 6 vols. (Centenary ed.: London, Poetical Works, 11 vols., ed., with a Life by W. J. Morley (Globe ed.: London and New York, Poetical Works, 7 vols., ed., with a Memoir, by E. Poetical Works, 5 vols., ed., with an Introduction, Poetical Works, ed. by T. Hutchinson (Oxford Complete Poetical Works, ed., with a Biographical ton, Houghton, 1904). Poems, 3 vols., ed., with an Introduction, by N. C. Poems, selections, ed. by E. Dowden (Athenæum Lyrical Ballads, a Reprint, ed. by E. Dowden Prose Works, 3 vols., ed. by A. B. Grosart (London, Moxon, 1876). Prose Works, 2 vols., ed. by W. Knight (Eversley ed. London and New York, Macmillan, 1896). Prefaces and Essays on Poetry, ed.. with an Introduction, by A. J. George (Boston, Heath, 1892). Prefaces, with Coleridge's Chapters on Words- Literary Criticism, ed., with an Introduction, by Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to The Prelude, ed., with a Preface, by A. J. George (Boston, Heath, 1888, 1900). |
