Illinois.

- French v. Calkins (1911) 252 Ill. 243, 96 N. E. 877; Kirchner v. Morrison (1926) 320 Ill. 236, 150 N. E. 690; Blanchard v. Chapman (1887) 22 Ill. App. 341. Indiana. Reed v. Reed (1868) 30 Ind. 313; Sibert v. Cox (1885) 100 Ind. 392.

Kentucky.-Bohon v. Barrett (1881) 79 Ky. 382; Curd v. Field (1898) 103 Ky. 293, 45 S. W. 92; Hughes v. Bent (1904) 118 Ky. 609, 81 S. W. 931; Whittingham v. Schofield (1902) 23 Ky. L. Rep. 2444, 67 S. W. 846.

Maine. – Hall v. Otis (1880) 71 Me. 326; Clifford v. Stewart (1901) 95 Me. 38, 49 Atl. 52.

Maryland.-Tolson v. Tolson (1838) 10 Gill & J. 159; Handley v. Wrightson (1883) 60 Md. 198; Maught v. Getzendanner (1886) 65 Md. 527, 57 Am. Rep. 352, 5 Atl. 471; McClernan v. McClernan (1890) 73 Md. 283, 20 Atl. 908; Grieves v. Grieves (1918) 132 Md. 300, 103 Atl. 572.

Massachusetts. Warner v. Bates (1867) 98 Mass. 274; McCurdy v. McCallum (1904) 186 Mass. 464, 72 N. E. 75; TEMPLE V. RUSSELL (reported herewith) ante, 1. Michigan. Gilchrist v. Corliss (1908) 155 Mich. 126, 130 Am. St. Rep. 568, 118 N. W. 938.

Mississippi. Lucas v. Lockhart (1848) 10 Smedes & M. 466, 48 Am. Dec. 766; Red v. Powers (1891) 69 Miss. 242, 13 So. 586; Patterson v. Humphries (1911) 101 Miss. 831, 58 So. 772. Missouri. Schmucker v. Reel (1876) 61 Mo. 592; Noe v. Kern (1887) 93 Mo. 367, 3 Am. St. Rep. 544, 6 S. W.

that the instances in which a trust has been held to exist 20 are decidedly 239; Murphy v. Carlin (1892) 113 Mo. 112, 35 Am. St. Rep. 699, 20 S. W. 786. New Hampshire. Erickson v. Willard (1818) 1 N. H. 217; Portsmouth v. Shackford (1866) 46 N. H. 423; Foster v. Willson (1894) 68 N. H. 241, 73 Am. St. Rep. 581, 38 Atl. 1003; Pembroke Academy v. Epsom School Dist. (1910) 75 N. H. 408, 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 646, 75 Atl. 100.

New Jersey. Ward v. Peloubet (1855) 10 N. J. Eq. 304; Eddy v. Hartshorne (1881) 34 N. J. Eq. 419; Cox v. Wills (1891) 49 N. J. Eq. 130, 22 Atl. 794, (1892) 49 N. J. Eq. 573, 25 Atl. 938; Deacon v. Cobson (1914) 83 N. J. Eq. 122, 89 Atl. 1029.

New York. Phillips v. Phillips (1889) 112 N. Y. 197, 8 Am. St. Rep. 737, 19 N. E. 411; Collister v. Fassitt (1900) 163 N. Y. 281, 79 Am. St. Rep. 586, 57 N. E. 490, affirming (1897) 23 App. Div. 466, 48 N. Y. Supp. 792 (motion for rehearing denied in (1900) 163 N. Y. 281, 57 N. E. 490); Rothschild v. Schiff (1907) 188 N. Y. 327, 80 N. E. 1030, modifying (1905) 103 App. Div. 235, 92 N. Y. Supp. 1076; Willets v. Willets (1886) 20 Abb. N. C. 471; Re Copeland (1902) 38 Misc. 402, 77 N. Y. Supp. 931; Carroll v. Adams (1907) 105 N. Y. Supp. 967; Re Daintrey (1925) 125 Misc. 369, 211 N. Y. Supp. 529.

North Carolina.-Cook v. Ellington (1863) 59 N. C. (6 Jones, Eq.) 371; Laws v. Christmas (1919) 178 N. C. 359, 100 S. E. 587; Waldroop v. Waldroop (1920) 179 N. C. 674, 103 S. E. 381.

Ohio.-Ide v. Clark (1891) 5 Ohio C. C. 239, 3 Ohio C. D. 120.

Oregon.-Beakey v. Knutson (1918) 90 Or. 574, 174 Pac. 1149, rehearing denied in (1919) 90 Or. 583, 177 Pac. 955; Wemme v. First Church of Christ (1924) 110 Or. 179, 219 Pac. 618, mandate denied in (1924) 110 Or. 214, 223 Pac. 250.

Pennsylvania.-Fox's Appeal (1882) 99 Pa. 382; Oyster v. Knull (1890) 137 Pa. 448, 21 Am. St. Rep. 890, 20 Atl. 624; Fickes's Estate (1915) 59 Pa. Super. Ct. 535.

outnumbered by the cases in which it was held that no trust was created.21

98 Tenn. 529, 41 S. W. 1056; Hadley v. Hadley (1898) 100 Tenn. 446, 45 S. W. 342; Daly v. Daly (1919) 142 Tenn. 242, 218 S. W. 213.

Texas. Busby v. Lynn (1872) 37 Tex. 151, subsequent trial in (1877) 46 Tex. 600; McMurry v. Stanley (1887) 69 Tex. 227, 6 S. W. 412; Norton v. Smith (1921) Tex. Civ. App. —, 227 S. W. 542. Utah.-Re Dewey (1914) 45 Utah, 98, 143 Pac. 124, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 475. Virginia. Harrison v. Harrison (1845) 2 Gratt. 1, 44 Am. Dec. 365; Seefried v. Clarke (1912) 113 Va. 365, 74 S. E. 204; Bare v. Montgomery (1925) 143 Va. 303, 130 S. E. 230. Washington.-RE HOCHBRUNN (reported herewith) ante, 7.

West Virginia.-Cresap v. Cresap (1890) 34 W. Va. 310, 12 Š. E. 527.

Wisconsin.—Knox v. Knox (1884) 59 Wis. 172, 48 Am. Rep. 487, 18 N. W. 155; Swarthout v. Swarthout (1901) 111 Wis. 102, 86 N. W. 558.

England. Bute v. Stuart (1762) 1 Bro. P. C. 476, 485, 1 Eng. Reprint, 700; Wilson v. Major (1805) 11 Ves. Jr. 205, 32 Eng. Reprint, 1066; Horwood v. West (1823) 1 Sim. & Stu. 387, 57 Eng. Reprint, 155; Foley v. Parry (1832) 5 Sim. 138, 58 Eng. Reprint, 289; Baker v. Mosley (1848) 12 Jur. 740; Parker v. Bolton (1836) 5 L. J. Ch. N. S. 98; Ware v. Mallard (1851) 16 Jur. 492; Briggs v. Penny (1851) 3 Macn. & G. 546, 42 Eng. Reprint, 371; Griffiths v. Evan (1842) 11 L. J. Ch. N. S. 219; Bernard v. Minshull (1859) 1 Johns, V. C. 276, 70 Eng. Reprint, 427; Godfrey v. Godfrey (1868) 8 L. T. N. S. 200; Shovelton v. Shovelton (1863) 32 Beav. 143, 55 Eng. Reprint, 56; Shelley v. Shelley (1868) L. R. 6 Eq. 540; Irvine v. Sullivan (1869) L. R. 8 Eq. 673; Curnick v. Tucker (1874) L. R. 17 Eq. 320; Le Marchant v. Le Marchant (1874) L. R. 18 Eq. 414; Fordham v. Speight (1875) 23 Week. Rep. 782; Re Burley [1910] 1 Ch. 215; Jevons v. Public Trustee (1911) 56 Sol. Jo. 72.

Ireland.-Re O'Bierne (1844) 1 Jones & L. 352; Corbet v. Corbet (1873) 7 Ir. Eq. Rep. 456; Kingston v. Lorton (1829) 2 Hogan, 166; Malone v. O'Connor (1835) Lloyd & Goold (t. Plunket) 465; Gray v. Gray (1860) 11 Ir. Ch. Rep. 218.

Canada-Baby v. Miller (1847) 1 U.

The crucial test, then, is whether the wish, desire, or recommendation

C. Err. & App. 218; Finlay v. Fellows (1867) 14 Grant, Ch. (U. C.) 66; Renehan v. Malone (1897) 1 N. B. Eq. Rep. 506; Re Walton (1911) 20 Manitoba L. R. 686.

21 United States.-Howard v. Carusi (1884) 109 U. S. 725, 27 L. ed. 1089, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 595; Toms v. Owen (1891; C. C.) 52 Fed. 417; McDuffie v. Montgomery (1904; C. C.) 128 Fed. 105; Russell v. United States Trust Co. (1905) 69 C. C. A. 410, 136 Fed. 758, affirming (1904; C. C.) 127 Fed. 445; Burnes v. Burnes (1905) 70 C. C. A. 369, 137 Fed. 781, certiorari denied in (1905) 199 U. S. 605, 50 L. ed. 330, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 746.

Alabama.-Ellis v. Ellis (1849) 15 Ala. 296, 50 Am. Dec. 132.

Arkansas.-Bloom v. Strauss (1904) 73 Ark. 56, 84 S. W. 511; Wooldridge v. Gilman (1926) 170 Ark. 163, 279 S. W. 20.

California.—Re Whitcomb (1890) 86 Cal. 265, 24 Pac. 1028; Re Marti (1901) 132 Cal. 666, 61 Pac. 964, affirmed in (1901) 132 Cal. 666, 64 Pac. 1071; Kauffman v. Gries (1903) 141 Cal. 295, 74 Pac. 846; Re Mitchell (1911) 160 Cal. 618, 117 Pac. 774; Re Purcell (1914) 167 Cal. 176, 138 Pac. 704; Re Browne (1917) 175 Cal. 361, 165 Pac. 960; Re Sowash (1923) 62 Cal. App. 512, 217 Pac. 123; Re Hull (1926) - Cal. App., 247 Pac. 1093. Connecticut. Gilbert v. Chapin (1848) 19 Conn. 342; Seymour v. Sanford (1913) 86 Conn. 516, 86 Atl. 7; Clark v. Baker (1917) 91 Conn. 663, 101 Atl. 9.

Delaware.-Bryan v. Milby (1890) 6 Del. Ch. 208, 13 L.R.A. 563, 24 Atl. 333.

District of Columbia.-O'Brien v. McCarthy (1922) 52 App. D. C. 183, 285 Fed. 917.

Florida.-Lines v. Darden (1853) 5 Fla. 74.

Idaho.-Bliss v. Bliss (1911) 20 Idaho, 467, 119 Pac. 451.

Illinois. Giles v. Anslow (1889) 128 Ill. 187, 21 N. E. 225; Coulson v. Alpaugh (1896) 163 Ill. 298, 45 N. E. 216; Haight v. Royce (1916) 274 Ill. 162, 113 N. E. 71. Indiana. Van Gorder v. Smith (1885) 99 Ind. 404; Fullenwider v. Watson (1887) 113 Ind. 18, 14 N. E. 571; Mitchell v. Mitchell (1895) 143 Ind. 113, 42 N. E. 465; Orth v. Orth

expressed by the testator, is meant to govern the conduct of the one to whom

(1895) 145 Ind. 184, 32 L.R.A. 298, 57 Am. St. Rep. 185, 42 N. E. 277, 44 N. E. 17; Lumpkin v. Rodgers (1900) 155 Ind. 285, 58 N. E. 72; Snodgrass v. Brandenburg (1905) 164 Ind. 59, 71 N. E. 137, 72 N. E. 1030; Nichols v. Alexander (1926) - Ind. App. 152 N. E. 863.

Iowa.-Rona v. Meier (1878) 47 Iowa, 607, 29 Am. Rep. 493; Bills v. Bills (1890) 80 Iowa, 269, 8 L.R.A. 696, 20 Am. St. Rep. 418, 45 N. W. 748. Kentucky. Major v. Herndon (1879) 78 Ky. 123; Sale v. Thornberry (1887) 86 Ky. 266, 5 S. W. 468; Enders v. Tasco (1889) 89 Ky. 17, 11 S. W. 818; Webster v. Wathen (1895) 97 Ky. 318, 30 S. W. 663; Wood v. Wood (1907) 127 Ky. 514, 106 S. W. 226; Igo v. Irvine (1909) 139 Ky. 634, 70 S. W. 836; Gross v. Smart (1920) 189 Ky. 338, 224 S. W. 871; Hazelwood v. Webster (1885) 7 Ky. L. Rep. 164; White v. Irvine (1903) 24 Ky. L. Rep. 2458, 74 S. W. 247; Thruston v. Prather (1903) 25 Ky. L. Rep. 1137, 77 S. W. 354; Goslee v. Goslee (1906) 29 Ky. L. Rep. 654, 94 S. W. 638.

Louisiana.-Dufour v. Deresheid (1903) 110 La. 344, 34 So. 469; Hutchinson's Succession (1904) 112 La. 656, 36 So. 639; Young v. Egan (1855) 10 La. Ann. 415; Hudson's Succession (1867) 19 La. Ann. 79; Jacob v. Macon (1868) 20 La. Ann. 162.

Maine. Taylor v. Brown (1895) 88 Me. 56, 33 Atl. 664; Pierce v. Pierce (1915) 114 Me. 311, 96 Atl. 143. Maryland. Chase v. Plummer (1861) 17 Md. 165; Williams v. Worthington (1878) 49 Md. 572, 33 Am. Rep. 286; Nunn v. O'Brien (1896) 83 Md. 198, 34 Atl. 244; Pratt v. Sheppard & E. P. Hospital (1898) 88 Md. 610, 42 Atl. 51, 4 Am. Neg. Rep. 641; Cheston v. Cheston (1899) 89 Md. 465, 43 Atl. 768; Williams v. Baptist Church Committee (1901) 92 Md. 497, 54 L.R.A. 427, 48 Atl. 930; Clark v. Clark (1904) 99 Md. 356, 58 Atl. 24.

Massachusetts. Wells v. Doane (1855) 3 Gray, 201; Hess v. Singler (1873) 114 Mass. 56; Sears v. Cunningham (1877) 122 Mass. 538; Dickson v. United States (1878) 125 Mass. 311, 28 Am. Rep. 230; Gibbins v. Shepard (1878) 125 Mass. 541; Barrett v. Marsh (1879) 126 Mass. 213; Davis V. Mailey (1883) 134 Mass. 588; Bacon v. Ransom (1885) 139 Mass. 117, 29

it is addressed, or whether it is merely an indication of that which he thinks

N. E. 473; Rose v. Porter (1886) 141 Mass. 309, 5 N. E. 641; Durant v. Smith (1893) 159 Mass. 229, 34 N. E. 190; Aldrich v. Aldrich (1898) 172 Mass. 101, 51 N. E. 449; Lloyd v. Lloyd (1899) 173 Mass. 97, 53 N. E. 148; George v. George (1904) 186 Mass. 75, 71 N. E. 85; Holmes v. Dalley (1906) 192 Mass. 451, 78 N. E. 513; Poor v. Bradbury (1907) 196 Mass. 207, 81 N. E. 882; Dexter v. Young (1920) 234 Mass, 588, 125 N. E. 862.

Michigan. Hillsdale College v. Wood (1906) 145 Mich. 257, 108 N. W. 675; Crisp v. Anderson (1918) 204 Mich. 35, 169 N. W. 855; Hollway v. Atherton (1919) 205 Mich. 129, 171 N. W. 413.

Minnesota. Long v. Willsey (1916) 132 Minn, 316, 156 N. W. 349.

Mississippi. - Rector v. Alcorn (1906) 88 Miss. 788, 41 So. 370; Courtenay v. Courtenay (1907) 90 Miss. 181, 43 So. 68.

Missouri. Corby v. Corby (1884) 85 Mo. 371; Balliett v. Veal (1897) 140 Mo. 187, 41 S. W. 736; Lemp v. Lemp (1915) 264 Mo. 533, 175 S. W. 618; Snyder v. Toler (1914) 179 Mo. App. 376, 166 S. W. 1059; Re McVeigh (1914) 181 Mo. App. 566, 164 S. W. 673.

Nevada.-Hunt v. Hunt (1876) 11 Nev. 442.

New Jersey.-Van Duyne v. Van Duyne (1862) 14 N. J. Eq. 397; Hoxsey v. Hoxsey (1883) 37 N. J. Eq. 21; Eberhardt v. Perolin (1892) 49 N. J. Eq. 570, 25 Atl. 510, reversing (1891) 48 N. J. Eq. 592, 23 Atl. 501; Stewart v. Stewart (1900) 61 N. J. Eq. 25, 47 Atl. 633.

New York. Foose v. Whitmore (1880) 82 N. Y. 405, 37 Am. Rep. 572; Lawrence v. Cooke (1887) 104 N. Y. 632, 11 N. E. 144, reversing (1884) 32 Hun, 126; Re Keleman (1891) 126 N. Y. 73, 26 N. E. 968; Re Gardner (1893) 140 N. Y. 122, 35 N. E. 439; Clay v. Wood (1897) 153 N. Y. 134, 47 N. E. 274, affirming (1895) 91 Hun. 407, 36 N. Y. Supp. 317; Post v. Moore (1905) 181 N. Y. 15, 106 Am. St. Rep. 495, 73 N. E. 482, 2 Ann. Cas. 591; Parsons v. Best (1873) 1 Thomp. & C. 211; Wood v. Seward (1880) 4 Redf. 271; Wilde v. Smith (1883) 2 Dem. 93; Bowker v. Wells (1885) 2 How. Pr. N. S. 150; Field v. New York (1886) 38 Hun, 590, affirmed in (1887) 105 N. Y. 623;

Re Havens (1888) 6 Dem. 456, 2 N. Y. Supp. 639; Wyman V. Woodbury (1895) 86 Hun, 277, 33 N. Y. Supp. 217 (affirmed on other grounds in (1897) 153 N. Y. 243, 47 N. E. 283); Edson v. Bartow (1895) 15 Misc. 179, 37 N. Y. Supp. 99; Re Crane (1896) 12 App. Div. 271, 42 N. Y. Supp. 904, affirmed without opinion in (1899) 159 N. Y. 557, 54 N. E. 1089; First Presby. Church v. McKallor (1898) 35 App. Div. 98, 54 N. Y. Supp. 740; Street v. Gordon (1899) 41 App. Div. 439, 58 N. Y. Supp. 860; Bennett v. McLaughlin (1908) 57 Misc. 507, 103 N. Y. Supp. 256, affirmed in (1908) 125 App. Div. 172, 109 N. Y. Supp. 63; Re O'Regan (1909) 62 Misc. 592, 117 N. Y. Supp. 96; Re Steiner (1909) 134 App. Div. 162, 118 N. Y. Supp. 833; Re Crawford (1917) 99 Misc. 416, 163 N. Y. Supp. 1107; Sands v. Waldo (1917) 100 Misc. 288, 165 N. Y. Supp. 654; Tillman v. Ogren (1917) 99 Misc. 539, 166 N. Y. Supp. 39, judgment modified in (1918) 182 App. Div. 672, 169 N. Y. Supp. 949, (1920) 227 N. Y. 495, 125 N. E. 821, which has reargument denied in (1920) 228 N. Y. 559, 127 N. E. 922; Re Lynch (1918) 102 Misc. 650, 169 N. Y. Supp. 321; Re Jones (1921) 199 App. Div. 426, 192 N. Y. Supp. 163; Re Kollstede (1923) 120 Misc. 533, 199 N. Y. Supp. 901; Re Sweeney (1923) 120 Misc. 668, 200 N. Y. Supp. 332; Re Russ (1923) 121 Misc. 498, 201 N. Y. Supp. 542; Re Barney (1923) 207 App. Div. 25, 201 N. Y. Supp. 647, affirmed on opinion below in (1924) 239 N. Y. 584, 147 N. E. 205; Blanch's Will (1926) 126 Misc. 421, 214 N. Y. Supp. 565.

North Carolina.-Batchelor v. Macon (1873) 69 N. C. 545; Fellowes v. Durfey (1913) 163 N. C. 305, 79 S. E. 621; Carter v. Strickland (1914) 165 N. C. 69, 80 S. E. 961; Ann. Cas. 1915D, 416; Hardy v. Hardy (1917) 174 N. C. 505, 93 S. E. 976; Brooks v. Griffin (1919) 177 N. C. 7, 97 S. E. 730; Springs v. Springs (1921) 182 N. C. 484, 109 S. E. 839; Weaver v. Kirby (1923) 186 N. C. 387, 119 S. E. 564.

Pennsylvania.-Re Pennock (1853) 20 Pa. 268, 59 Am. Dec. 718; Second Reformed Presby. Church v. Disbrow (1866) 52 Pa. 219; Bowlby v. Thunder (1884) 105 Pa. 178; Hopkins v. Glunt (1886) 111 Pa. 287, 2 Atl. 183; McIntyre v. McIntyre (1889) 123 Pa. 329, 10 Am. St. Rep. 529, 16 Atl. 783; Good

it,

v. Fichthorn (1891) 144 Pa. 287, 27 Am. St. Rep. 630, 22 Atl. 1032; Heck's Estate (1895) 170 Pa. 232, 32 Atl. 413; Ahl v. Bosler (1896) 175 Pa. 526, 34 Atl. 805; Bellas's Estate (1896) 176 Pa. 122, 34 Atl. 1003; Miller v. Stubbs (1914) 244 Pa. 482, 90 Atl. 1132; McBride v. Mangan (1915) 249 Pa. 515, 95 Atl. 79; Chew v. Chew (1920) 266 Pa. 526, 109 Atl. 799; Re Fisher (1920) 268 Pa. 405, 112 Atl. 17; Smith v. Bloomington Coal Co. (1925) 282 Pa. 248, 127 Atl. 627; Donaldson's Estate (1892) 11 Pa. Co. Ct. 311; Forscht's Estate (1892) 2 Pa. Dist. R. 294; Taylor's Estate (1919) 28 Pa. Dist. R. 778; Herskovitz's Estate (1923) 81 Pa. Super. Ct. 379; Billington v. Canerin (1901) 32 Pittsb. L. J. N. S. 172.

Rhode Island. Cahill v. Tanner (1921) 43 R. I. 403, 113 Atl. 289.

South Carolina.-Taylor v. McRa (1850) 24 S. C. Eq. (3 Rich.) 96; Lesesne v. Witte (1874) 5 S. C. 450; McCreary v. Burns (1881) 17 S. C. 45; Rowland v. Rowland (1888) 29 S. C. 54, 6 S. E. 902; Arnold v. Arnold (1893) 41 S. C. 291, 19 S. E. 670.

Washington.-Hunt v. Hunt (1897) 18 Wash. 14, 50 Pac. 578; Lanigan v. Miles (1918) 102 Wash. 82, 172 Pac. 894.

Wisconsin.-Tabor v. Tabor (1893) 85 Wis. 313, 55 N. W. 702; Conlin v. Sowards (1906) 129 Wis. 320, 109 N. W. 91; JANSEN'S WILL (reported herewith) ante, 5.

England.-Le Maitre v. Bannister (1770) Prec. in Ch. 200, note, 24 Eng. Reprint, 97, note; Civil v. Rich (1679) 1 Ch. Cas. 309, 22 Eng. Reprint, 815; Bland v. Bland (1745) 2 Cox, Ch. Cas. 349, 30 Eng. Reprint, 161; Cunliffe v. Cunliffe (1770) 2 Ambl. 686, 27 Eng. Reprint, 446; Harland v. Trigg (1782) 1 Bro. Ch. 142, 28 Eng. Reprint, 1041; Randal v. Hearle (1793) 1 Anstr. 124, 145 Eng. Reprint, 820; Meggison v. Moore (1795) 2 Ves. Jr. 632, 30 Eng. Reprint, 813; Pushman V. Filliter (1795) 3 Ves. Jr. 7, 30 Eng. Reprint,

864; Curtis v. Rippon (1820) 5 Madd. Ch. 434, 56 Eng. Reprint, 961; Heneage v. Andover (1822) 10 Price, 230, 147 Eng. Reprint, 297; Sale v. Moore (1827) 1 Sim. 534, 57 Eng. Reprint, 678; Hoy v. Master (1834) 6 Sim. 568, 58 Eng. Reprint, 706; Wood v. Cox (1837) 2 Myl. & C. 684, 40 Eng. Reprint, 801, reversing (1836) 1 Keen, 317, 48 Eng. Reprint, 329; Ex parte Payne (1837) 2 Younge & C. Exch. 636, 160 Eng. Reprint, 550; Bardswell v. Bardswell (1838) 9 Sim. 319, 59 Eng. Reprint, 381; Pope v. Pope (1839) 10 Sim. 1, 59 Eng. Reprint, 512; Knight v. Boughton (1840) 11 Clark & F. 548, 8 Eng. Reprint, 1209; Young v. Martin (1843) 2 Younge & C. Ch. Cas. 582, 63 Eng. Reprint, 260; Winch v. Brutton (1844) 14 Sim. 379, 60 Eng. Reprint, 404; White v. Briggs (1845) 15 Sim. 33, 60 Eng. Reprint, 528; Johnston v. Rowlands (1848) 2 De G. & S. 356, 64 Eng. Reprint, 160; Williams v. Williams (1851) 1 Sim. N. S. 358, 61 Eng. Reprint, 139; Huskisson v. Bridge (1851) 4 De G. & S. 245, 64 Eng. Reprint, 816; Webb v. Wools (1852) 2 Sim. N. S. 267, 61 Eng. Reprint, 343; Cowman v. Harrison (1852) 10 Hare, 234, 68 Eng. Reprint, 913; Macnab v. Whitbread (1853) 17 Beav. 299, 51 Eng. Reprint, 1049; Green v. Marsden (1853) 1 Drew. 646, 61 Eng. Reprint, 598; Palmer v. Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew. 221, 61 Eng. Reprint, 704; Reeves v. Baker (1854) 18 Beav. 372, 52 Eng. Reprint, 147; Re Crockford (1869) 17 Week. Rep. 1004; Smith v. Gibson (1872) 20 Week. Rep. 88; House v. House (1874) 23 Week. Rep. 22; Re Pinckard (1858) 4 Jur. N. S. 1041-C. A.; Fox v. Fox (1859) 27 Beav. 301, 54 Eng. Reprint, 118; Shephard v. Nottidge (1862) 2 Johns. & H. 766, 70 Eng. Reprint, 1268; M'Culloch v. M'Culloch (1863) 11 Week. Rep. 504; Hood v. Oglander (1865) 34 L. J. Ch. N. S. 528; Scott v. Key (1865) 35 Beav. 291, 55 Eng. Reprint, 907; Eaton v. Watts (1867) L. R. 4 Eq. 151; McCormick v. Grogan (1869) L. R. 4 H. L. 82; Ellis v. Ellis (1875) 44 L. J. Ch. N. S. 225; Stead v. Mellor (1877) L. R. 5 Ch. Div. 225; Teasdale v. Braithwaite (1877) L. R. 5 Ch. Div. 630-C. A.; Re Hutchinson (1878) L. R. 8 Ch. Div. 540; Dawkins v. Penrhyn (1878) L. R. 4 App. Cas. 51-H. L.; Parnall v. Parnall (1878) L. R. 9 Ch. Div. 97; Mussoorie Bank

v. Raynor (1882) L. R. 7 App. Cas. 321; Re Adams (1884) L. R. 27 Ch. Div. 394; Moore v. Roche (1886) 55 L. J. Ch. N. S. 418; Re Diggles (1888) L. R. 39 Ch. Div. 253-C. A.; Re Crawshay (1890) L. R. 43 Ch. Div. 615; Re Hamilton [1895] 2 Ch. 370; Re Sanson (1896) 12 Times L. R. 142; Re Williams [1897] 2 Ch. 12-C. A.; Hill v. Hill [1897] 1 Q. B. 483-C. A.; Re Hanbury [1904] 1 Ch. 415-C. A.; Re Oldfield [1904] 1 Ch. 549-C. A.; Re Conolly [1910] 1 Ch. 219; Re Atkinson (1911) 80 L. J. Ch. N. S. 370-C. A.; Re Lovett (1912) 132 L. T. Jo. 297. Scotland. Campbell v. KinseyMorgan [1915] S. C. 298, 52 Scot. L. R. 289.

Ireland.-Lefroy v. Flood (1853) Ir. Ch. Rep. 1; Greene v. Greene (1869) Ir. Rep. 3 Eq. 90, 629; Reid v. Atkinson (1871) Ir. Rep. 5 Eq. 373, s. c. (1871) Ir. Rep. 5 Eq. 162; Creagh v. Murphy (1873) Ir. Rep. 7 Eq. 182; Morrin v. Morrin (1886) Ir. L. R. 19 Eq. 37; Clancarty v. Clancarty (1893) Ir. L. R. 31 Eq. 530-C. A.; Humphrey's Estate [1916] 1 Ir. R. 21.

Canada.-Re Bolster (1910) 46 Can. L. J. 663; Perry v. Perry (1918) 29 Manitoba L. R. 45, 40 D. L. R. 628, affirming (1918) 29 Manitoba L. R. 23, 37 D. L. R. 89; Nelles v. Elliot (1878) 25 Grant, Ch. 329; Bank of Montreal v. Bower (1889) 18 Ont. Rep. 226, affirming (1889) 17 Ont. Rep. 548; Re Soulliere (1913) 24 Ont. Week. Rep. 400, 9 D. L. R. 879; Johnson v. Farney (1913) 29 Ont. L. Rep. 223, 14 D. L. R. 134; Re Clark (1919) 17 Ont. Week. N. 88; Re Fortier (1922) 22 Ont. Week. N. 136.

22 United States.-Burnes v. Burnes (1905) 70 C. C. A. 369, 137 Fed. 781.

California.-Re Marti (1901) 132 Cal. 666, 61 Pac. 964, 64 Pac. 1071; Re Hamilton (1919) 181 Cal. 758, 186 Pac. 587; Re Purcell (1914) 167 Cal. 176, 138 Pac. 704; Re Browne (1917) 175 Cal. 361, 165 Pac. 960; Re Sowash (1923) 62 Cal. App. 512, 217 Pac. 123.

Connecticut. Gilbert v. Chapin. (1848) 19 Conn. 348; Harper v. Phelps (1851) 21 Conn. 257; Plaut v. Plaut (1908) 80 Conn. 673, 70 Atl. 52.

Florida.-Lines v. Darden (1853) 5 Fla. 51; Floyd v. Smith (1910) 59 Fla. 485, 37 L.R.A. (N.S.) 651, 138 Am. St. Rep. 133, 51 So. 537, 21 Ann. Cas. 318.

Idaho.-Bliss v. Bliss (1911) 20 Idaho, 467, 119 Pac. 451.