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ing the divifions under Boudet and Rochambeau, were on the left bank of the Adige, on their march to wards Verona. In the night between the 1ft and 2d of January, that city was evacuated; but 1500 Auftrians were thrown into the two forts.

The divifion under Boudet, in taking poffeffion of Chiufa, made 300 prifoners; and, by the reduction of Alla, 500. General Boudet purfued his route to Roveredo, of which he was mafter on the 3d of January, and where he was joined by Rochambeau, who had taken poffeffion of Riva and Torboli, and concentrated his forces at Mori, according to his inftructions.

The Auftrians retreated from Verona by the way of Vicenza, and took a pofition to the left of Santo Bonifaccio, and the right of Montebello. A divifion of the French army, under general Mouncey, was charged with the blockade of the forts of Verona. A divifion, under Vatrin, took poft at St. Lucia: the divifion of Boudet marched in the direction of Alla, as above noticed. The advanced guard, the centre, and the referves of infantry and cavalry, advanced in purfuit of the enemy, on the way to Vicenza, following the fummits of the mountains. The Auftrians defended fome pofitions not without firmnefs; but perceiving that they were in danger of being turned, they retreated, in good order, behind Montebello The French purfuing now an eafy courle of fuccefs, crossed the Brenta, took poffeffion of Trent, and drove the Auftrians from Baffano and Caftel-Franco* to Salvaroza. The road

at this laft place was thickly ftrewn with the bodies of dead and wounded nien. The French, in the course of eight days, had marched 130 miles in purfuit of the Auftrians, who made little refiftance, but fled before them. In this rapid career, befides the miferable men, who only haftened the approach of death by endeavouring to fly from it, upwards of 3000 Auftrians were made prison

ers.

On the 12th of January, the respective pofitions of the armies, commanded by the generals Brune and Bellegarde, were thefe:

The left wing of general Brune's army, commanded by lieutenantgeneral Mouncey, had its foremost columns at Azalo, and by its posts was connected with the centre, under the orders of gencral Souchet.

The advanced guard was eftablifhed at Salvaroza. At its right the divifion under Watrin was pofted; and, on its left, the two divifions of the centre.

The corps of reserve was stationed behind Caftel-Franco: the dragoons and the cavalry were allo ftationed in the environs of that place.

Over against the French, the Auftrian army lay encamped on the plain of Salvaroza; and by their difpofitions appeared to expect, and to prepare for an attack, as the French, on the other hand, were determined quickly to make it. In thefe circumftances, an Auftrian colonel arrived at the French headquarters, and propofed conditions of an armiftice, which was concluded, on the 16th, at Trevifo, capital of the Venetian province of Trevifano, within twenty miles of

In the engagement at the post of Caftel-Franco, which was vigorously disputed by the Auftrians, the advanced guard was commanded by general Michaud, in the room of general Delmas, who was indisposed.

Venice.

Venice. The line of demarkation between the two armies was to be the Tagliamento, from its fource in the mountains of Tyrol to where it falls into the Adriatic. The four fortreffes of Peschiera, Porto Legnago, Ferrara, and Ancona, were to be given up to the French. The blockade of Mantua was to be continued; but, by a new armistice, concluded at Luneville on the 6th of February, the emperor, as a proof of fincerity, agreed to give up, befides the four fortreffes juft mentioned, that alfo of Mantua. For a particular account of the armiftice of Treviso, as well as the treaty of peace to which it led, at Luneville, February 9, we refer our readers to the State Papers in this volume. The main object of both will be feen in the anfwer of Buonaparte to the propofal of peace made by the Court of Vienna, which was highly dignified. "The left bank of the Rhine fhall be the boundary of the French republic: he makes no pretenfion to the right bank. The intereft of Europe does not permit the emperor to pafs the Adige. The independence of the Helvetic and the Batavian republics fhall be enfured and guarantied. Our victories add nothing to the pretenfions of the French people. Auftria ought not to expect from her defeats what fhe would not have obtained by her victories. Such are the invariable principles of the government. The welfare of France fhall be, to restore tranquillity to Germany and Italy: her glory to deliver the continent from the aparicious and deftructive genius of England."*

As general Moreau, in the ar

miftice of Steyer, had included the Gallo-Batavian army, fo general Brune, in his ftipulations with general Bellegarde, included that of the Grifons. General Macdonald, who was ambitious of following up his paffage of the mountains by fome fplendid achievement on the other fide, wrote an angry letter to general Brune, in which he faid, "You had no right to ftipulate for the army of the Grifons; the bufiness of which was, only to favour the operations of the army of Italy, without giving you any right to command me:" but the difpute between the two generals was ended almost as soon as begun by the convention of Luneville, by which all the demands of the French were granted.

After the renewal of hoftilities had called back the French troops from Tufcany, the ftrong averfion of the Italians was manifefted in an infurrection of the Tufcan people, and alfo of the Piedmontefe. Neapolitan troops marched for the fupport of the Tufcans; and the Piedmontefe alone performed many actions of great courage and determined refolution for the recovery of their independence: but these infurrections were foon fubdued by the overbearing force of the French arms. The French army of observation, under general Murat, 25,000 ftrong, croffed the Alps early in January, proceeded to Ancona, and forced the Neapolitans to evacuate Rome, and all the ecclefiaftical ftates, as well as thofe of Tuscany, and was ready to march, through thofe ftates, to Naples. Italy and Germany was at the nod of

* In this concluding fentence, Buonaparte probably alludes to the deliverance of Europe, profeffed, for fome time, to be the great object of the war by our government.

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Buonaparte. Thefe great countries,
from the thores of the Mediterranean
to the Lower Rhine, the French
contemplated as one continued feene
of victory, power, and triumph.
It was obferved by Julius Cæfar,
as well as by Hannibal, as a gene-
ra! maxim of war, that affailants
poffefs more courage and force than
those who act merely on the defen-
five. This maxim was verified in
the prefent campaign between Auf-
tria and France in a very ftriking
manner. The plans of the French
were admirably arranged. There
was a line as it were of armies, fuf-
taining and co-operating with each
other from the Rhine to the Po;
from the Pruffian neutrality to the
'centre of Italy; and bodies of re-
ferve, ftationed at different places,
were ready to repair defeats and
improve advantages. Yet, on the
whole of this long line, they were
fronted by the Auftrians, whofe
pofts, as well as thofe of the French,
appear to have been chofen with.
perfect kill, and whofe armies, as
well as thofe of the French, might
have been recruited with as brave
and with flouter men, if there had
been the fame ardour and enthu-
fiafm in the Auftrian caufe that
called forth the energies of France.
If offenfive operations have their ad-
vantages, defentive operations have
alfo theirs. The ardour of fuccefsful
onfets often carries the victors rapidly
forward beyond the line of prudence.
Their force is weakened by dila-
tation. They are expofed to am-
bufcades. If they are feparated into
different parties, they are liable to
be cut off in detail; or, if they
keep together, they may be cut off
from retreat, and reduced to famine.
The ardour of generals Moreau and
Brune, which appeared to precipi-
3

tate them beyond the bounds of their ufual prudence, undoubtedly prefented to the enemy the most important advantages; nor can it be fuppofed that the Auftrian commanders did not perceive it; but there prevailed in the imperial armies no fmall degree of both difcouragement and difcord. They were without both the spirit and the harmony that is infpired by the glow of a common paffion. From a long train of difafters, they had loft that which is moft effential to an army, confidence in themfelves and their commanders. By the continued lotfes and defeats of the war, too, a great portion of the veteran troops was worn out, and, through a general defpondency, the new levies in Hungary and Bohemia proceede l but flowly. The fabfidies from England had not the influence either in railing new troops, or attaching the old to the continuance of the war that was expected.

But while all the continent of Italy crouched before the power of the French republic, a finall garrifon in the town and fortrefs of Porto-Ferrajo, in the ifle of Elba, on the coaft of Tufcany, defied their utmoft efforts for its reduction, and bravely ftood out till the war was concluded, by a peace between France and England. When the French troops entered Tufcany, in October, 1809, a number of Englith, who were at Leghorn, under the conduct of Mr. Ifaac Grant, the English vice-conful at that port, took refuge in Porto-Ferrajo. At his inftigation, the inhabitants formied the noble refolution of defending themfelves again the republicans, The men took up arms, and even the women took an active part in the defence of the place. It re

ceived

ceived fupplies, with 300 foldiers, for the most part artillerymen, from Fe English fquadron, under fir J. B. Warren. Four hundred Corlicans, in the pay of the English government, with a number of Neapolitan deferters and others, alfo paid by England, added to the natives of Porto-Ferrajo, and the English, railed the garrifon of that place to the number of 1300 effective men. It was invefted,. on the land fide, by a French army 5000 frong. Batteries were railed, and the town and fortrefs bombarded. Attempts were made twice to form it; but the aflailants were repulfed with great lofs. A fally was made by the befieged, led on by Mr. Grant, and the principal batteries of the French were deftroyed. The beleging army was re-enforced, new latteries were conftructed, and the bombardment was ready to be recommenced, when, in the beginning of Auguft, the inhabitants of Porto Ferrajo were fummoned to furrender, by the count of Ventura, the minifter of their new fovereign, the king of Etruria, with a promile of amnefty. The garrifon tent for anfwer, that they acknowledged no authority but that of the grand duke of Tufcany. The bombardment was recommenced from new batteries of four mortars, which did great da

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cover Porto-Ferrajo. On the 14th of September the admiral returned. His force, together with the hips ftationed before off the harbour of Porto-Ferrajo, amounted to feven fhips of the line, three frigates, and two brigs, and carried troops deftined for the relief of the brave gar rifon. The flips of war were prevented from entering the harbour by the enemy's batteries. The troops, to the number of 5000, with a detachment of failors, were landed at different points, as near PortoFerrajo as poffible, At the fame inftant, the belieged made a fally, and got poffeflion of the battery, which contributed principally to prevent the English fquadron from entering the harbour.. The English had advanced about a mile and a half from the beach, when the French general, Martin, feizing a favourable opportunity, attacked them with the bayonet. An attack was at the fame time made, by the adjutantcommandant, Sacklem, on the fide of the city. The English, after an obftinate engagement, were forced to retreat, and make, as well as they could, to their vessels. Engiith frigates, taking advantage of the moment, when the detachment from Porto-Ferrajo became mafters of the French battery, had entered the harbour; they were now under the neceffity of retiring. One of them being dimafted, was towed off by a number of gun-boats.

The

Meanwhile an attack was allo made by a party of the English, covered with three hips, on Marciana, which was equally unfuccefsful. Marciana was garrifoned

The eldest for, of the duke of Parma, arrecably to the treaty of Luneville, was called to the throne of 'Tuscany, and on July 26 began to exereife the rights of fove

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principally by Polish troops. The English were obliged to retreat with confiderable lofs On that day, above 800 English were killed, drowned, in endeavouring, through rocks and precipices, to regain their boats, or wounded, and 200, including several officers, were made prifoners. In this attempt to relieve Porto-Ferrajo, and reduce the whole ifland of Elba, though unfuccefsful, there was no deficiency of either courage or conduct. What could be done, was performed by admiral Warren, and our brave foldiers and failors; and they were feconded by the gallant garrifon, with the greatest judgement as well as alacrity.

The difafters of the 14th of September were, in some measure, compenfated to the defenders of PortoFerrajo, by a more profperous effort in November: when, previous to the confirmation of peace between France and England, they made a fally, as ufual, under the command of Mr. Grant, and, after a bloody engagement, not only took the outer intrenchments of the French camp, but the poft of Madonna della Gra

Of the inland of Elba, eight miles long, and two broad, part belonged to the grand duke of Tufcany, and part to the king of the two Sicilies. The Tufean part was ceded by the treaty of Luneville: for what belonged to Naples, his Sicilian majefty received Piombino, a principality of Tuscany. On the other fide of Italy, the Turks were apprehenfive of a defcent on the Morea, or the coafts of Albania, by the French from Ancona, and other ports; and the French in Ancona, on the other hand, were apprehenfive of an attack by the combined fquadrons of the English and

Turks. Three Turkish fhips of the line were fent to cruise in the Adriatic feas; detachments were also sent occafionally into thofe parts from the fleet under lord Keith, to fcour the Adriatic of pirates, and to watch the movements of the French on the fide of Italy. All the ports in the Adriatic, containing French troops, were declared to be in a ftate of blockade; it was alfo proclaimed, that all veffels bound to thofe ports would be taken. Land forces, too, were ftationed on the Turkish coasts on the Adriatic.— Great precautions of defence, on the other fide, were used by the French: among others, a chain was thrown across the mouth of the harbour of Ancona. This was the head-quarters of the French in Italy; but parties were ftationed in other places of the ecclefiaftical ftates, particularly in cantonments on the river Nera, which falls into, and opens a communication with, the course of the Tibur.

In the courfe of this fummer great infurrections prevailed for fome time in both Naples and Sardinia, the natural confequence of the diminifhed authority of government. A number of families of diftinction retired from Naples to Rome: others went to Palermo. The malecontents were headed by a chief named Manmone, who advanced to the frontiers of the Roman territories, and appeared refolute to try his ftrength against any troops that might be fent against him. In Sardinia, a fellow of the name of Menmia, who could neither read nor write, was at the head of a great body of infurgents, conferred pretended honours and dignities on fuch of his followers as appeared most active and en terprifing, levied money on the coun

try.

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