No. 12. This is a small pueblo ruin of the older type, situated on a lower bench just north of Tsankawi mesa, about half a mile south of the Alamo. The walls are entirely reduced. This site belongs to the same class and epoch as no. 9 and 11.

No. 13. Sandia. This village is situated on a high mesa between the Sandia and Bear canyons and is one of the most commanding sites in Pajarito park. The pueblo was small, compactly built, forming a complete rectangle (fig. 8). It was probably two stories high. The regularity of the structure was broken by the building of a number of one-story rooms against the east and north sides. There is one kiva inside the court. In the face of the mesa to the south is a cliff-village which includes some of the finest specimens of this type of cliff-dwelling within the writer's personal knowledge. They are unusually well preserved. Many have FIG. 8.-Ground plan of Sandia. the plastered door-casings intact. Some doorways have wooden casings still in place. The rooms are well constructed and conveniently arranged, and, in connection with anterior, open rooms, the evidences of which are plain, must have formed commodious and comfortable homes.

No. 14. Navawi ("place of the hunting trap").-Beginning about a mile and a half south of Tsankawi, the aspect of the country changes. From the Pajarito canyon to Rito de los Frijoles, a distance of perhaps ten miles, the high abrupt narrow tongue-like mesas protruding toward the river with broad timbered valleys between are replaced by one great table-land, the Mesa del Pajarito, which at first sight appears to be one continuous expanse only partially covered with piñon, cedar, and juniper. It is, however, deeply cut at frequent intervals by narrow and absolutely impassable canyons. Toward the northern limit of this level expanse, about two and a half miles southeast of Tsankawi, is situated the ruin of Navawi. It belongs to the same class and epoch as Otowi, Tsankawi, and Tshirege. It consists of two large buildings about 200 yards apart (fig. 9), several clan houses on the level mesa near by, and a cliff-village of considerable extent in the face of the low mesa to the south and west. On the narrow neck of mesa about 300 yards west of the pueblo, at the convergence of four trails, is a game-trap (nava) from which the village takes its name. This is one of a number of pitfalls that have been discovered at points in this region where game trails converged. One of the best of these is that at Navawi. It was so placed that game driven down the mesa from toward the mountains or up the trail from either of two side

canyons could hardly fail to be entrapped. The trap is an excavation in the rock which could have been made only with great difficulty, as the cap of tufa is here quite hard. The pit is bottle-shaped, except that the mouth is oblong. It is 15 feet deep and about 8 feet in diameter at the bottom. The mouth of the pit is about six feet in length by four in breadth. This trap has been used in modern times by the San Ildefonso Indians.

No. 15. Tshirege (Tewa, "a bird;" Spanish, pajarito, "small bird").— This great ruin is situated on a low bluff on the north side of the Pajarito about six miles west of the Rio Grande. It is on the northern edge of the great Mesa del Pajarito, described in connection with Navawi. The possibilities for agriculture in this vicinity were considerable during the time when the country was adequately watered.

Tshirege was the largest pueblo in the Pajarito district, and with the extensive cliff-village clustered about it, the largest aboriginal settlement, ancient or modern, in the Pueblo region of which the writer has personal knowledge, with the exception of Zuñi. The ruin shows a ground-plan of upward of 600 rooms (fig. 10). Mr K. M. Chapman has prepared in water color a restoration of the pueblo with a small portion of the tributary cliff-village; a photograph of this is shown in plate III, a. This is believed to be quite true to history. Plate VII, b is a map of the entire mesa top on which this ruin is situated and illustrates the development of a typical pueblo of the pre

historic period. There are ten kivas in and about Tshirege (one not shown in plan), all of the circular subterranean type (see fig. 11). A

defensive wall extended from the southwest corner of the main building to the rim of the cliff 150 feet away. On the face of the cliff

FIG. 11.-Ruins of kiva, or council chamber, Tshirege (from a painting by Chapman).

below is one of the best petroglyphs to be found in the Southwest. It is a representation of the "plumed serpent" about seven feet in

The

length, etched on the rock by pecking with a stone implement. principal cemetery of the village was located in the southwest corner of the court and many of the excavated rooms in the cliff walls served as burial vaults.

The cliff-village along the side of the mesa, shown by restoration in plate III, a, was the most extensive group of pueblo-like cliff-dwellings of the kind of which the author has any knowledge. The cluster extends along the cliff for three-quarters of a mile and represents accessions from many small pueblos. Tshirege is said to have been the last of all the villages of Pajarito park to be abandoned. A limited supply of water can still be obtained at almost any season at the spring in the arroyo a quarter of a mile away, and during wet seasons the Pajarito carries a little water past this point. The remains of a small reservoir (pl. III, a) are to

be seen on the mesa top a few yards north of the main ruin.

No. 16. This is a small ruin consisting of a single quadrangle situated about three miles west of Tshirege, just south of the abandoned Buckman sawmill road. It belongs to the older class of ruins and presents no features of especial interest. A short distance to the west is a game pit, similar to the one at Navawi.

No. 17.-In the midst of a beautiful open park, about three miles southeast of the abandoned sawmill, is an important ruin (fig. 12) consisting of three compact connected rectangles. No walls are visible above the débris, but on clearing away the loose stone, well-preserved plastered walls eight feet in height are disclosed. Numerous small clan houses are scattered about near by. A few yards to the east is the hollow of a large kiva in which a fine pine tree is growing (pl. VIII, b). Not far from this ruin are the remains of a large circular inclosure built of blocks of tufa set on edge, doubtless an ancient shrine. (Pl. xI, c.)

No. 18.-Less than a mile west of no. 17 on a high point at the confluence of two very deep gorges is the best-preserved ruin in this region (pl. IX, a). The walls stand in places eight feet above the débris. Great pine trees are growing within the rooms. There is every evidence that these mesas have been forested since the abandonment of the pueblos (pl. vIII, a, b; pl. ix, a). This ruin is almost inaccessible, except from the west. It is not less than 800 feet above the waters of the Rito del Bravo, which it overlooks. The ground plan (fig. 13) is very irregular.

No. 19 (fig. 14).-A small pueblo ruin in the beautiful wooded park just south of the Rito del Bravo and a mile north of Rito de los Frijoles. It presents no features of particular interest. Near by are

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FIG. 13.-Ground plan of ruin no. 18.

many small clan houses. One may ride for some miles along this mesa and never be out of sight of ruins of this class.

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No. 20 (fig. 15).—This is about the largest ruin between Tshirege and the Rito de los Frijoles, with the exception of no. 17. It consists of one compact rectangle. The débris of fallen walls is perhaps eight feet high. A large inclosure walled with stone surrounds the southern and eastern sides of the pueblo. This site overlooks the deep gorge of the Bravo to the north, and south a few rods is another deep canyon. The site is approached by an ancient trail from the west.

LOW

MOUNDS

FIG. 14.-Ground plan of ruin no. 19.

No. 21. Tyuonyi.-When we descend the southern rim of Mesa del Pajarito into the Rito de los Frijoles, we enter upon what is claimed to be ancient Keres ground, though its identity as such can not be said to be established. From here south to Cañada de Cochiti the country again assumes the character of that between the Santa Clara and