doubtless selected on account of its defensible character, the pueblo being situated at least 800 feet above the level of the creek and its walls built flush with the edge of the precipice. The great Pedernal peak, from which the village takes its name, rises on the other side of

the canyon about 2 miles to the southwest. The pueblo is inaccessible except by a single trail which winds up from the Polvadera and reaches the summit of the mesa at its south end, passing thence through two strongly fortified gaps before the pueblo is reached. The site was impregnable against any form of attack possible in savage warfare.

The commanding position was at the gateway to the Tewa country east of the mountains, and according to tradition it was the function of Chipiinuinge to withstand as far as possible the raids of enemies coming from the northwest. The pueblo was built entirely of stone and was of three stories, in places possibly four. Portions of second-story walls are still standing and many cedar timbers are well preserved. The remains of 15 kivas (fig. 20, a to o), mostly circular, a few rectangular, are still traceable in and about the ruins. These are all mostly, if not wholly, subterranean, having been excavated in the rock surface on which the pueblo stands. The cliff-dwellings in the east face of the mesa are all of the excavated type and appear to have been used for mortuary quite as much as for domiciliary purposes.

No. 34. Yugeuinge (fig. 21).—Passing now to the ruins in the valley north of the Chama, the first to be noticed is that of Yugeuinge, situ

FIG. 21.-Ground plan of Yugeuinge.

ated on the delta formed by the confluence of the Chama and Rio Grande. This site is partially occupied by the Mexican village of Chamita, of especial interest as the first white settlement in New Mexico, founded in 1598. The ruin now consists of one irregular quadrangle with large openings on the northwest and southeast. If the village embraced buildings other than the two great structures surrounding this quadrangle, they have been entirely obliterated. This might readily have occurred, as the site is completely surrounded by cultivated fields. The mounds are so well preserved that the form. of the pueblo is perfectly obvious. It was built of adobe with considerable use of rubble and small bowlders laid in mortar.

No. 35. Poseuinge or Posege. This is the first of a group of large ruins in the valley of Ojo Caliente, the first northern tributary of the Chama.

The ruin is about 14 miles above the confluence, situated on

a hill about 140 feet above the Ojo Caliente. It is the largest one of the group in the valley. The walls are built of adobe with some intercalation with slabs of stone. Thirteen circular kivas are to be seen in connection with this pueblo. The plan here shown (fig. 22) is by Mr W. H. Holmes.

No. 36. Homayo (fig. 23). This is a large, compactly built pueblo ruin situated on a promontory on the west side of the Ojo Caliente about a mile and a half above Posege. The walls are of adobe about a foot thick. There are seven kivas in or about the village. These vary from 30 to 50 feet in diameter and are all of the circular form. This village is well situated for defense, as it can be approached readily from the west side only. There is one main plaza or court which appears to have been completely closed. Attached to this on the east

are two sections which partially inclose another and smaller court. Three detached sections stand at a little distance from the main quadrangle.

No. 37. Houiri (fig. 24).—On a low mesa on the east bank of the creek just opposite Homayo is the ruin of Houiri. Here again is found one great hollow quadrangle closed except at one corner, another smaller one inclosed by three detached buildings, and two entirely independent sections. The main quadrangle has a perimeter of approximately 1,350 feet. The width of the sections making up the village varies from 25 to 50 feet, the number of rooms in width being indefinite. There are the remains of ten circular kivas, ranging from 35 to 50 feet in diameter.

FIG. 23. Ground plan of Homayo.

No. 38. Sepawi (fig. 25).—In the valley of El Rito creek about five miles below the Mexican village of the same name are the ruins of Sepawi, one of the largest pueblos to be found in the entire area described in this bulletin. It is now reduced to low rounded mounds. There is a little woodwork still

to be seen in the débris of the buildings. Six circular kivas are visible, one of which was only partially subterranean. The kivas range from 30 to 55 feet in diameter. The village consists of one principal structure forming two incomplete rectangles and ten detached buildings, so disposed as to form a number of secondary courts.

FIG. 24.-Ground plan of Iouiri.

No. 39. Cristone and other ruins above Abiquiu.-The archeology of this portion of the Chama drainage is too little known to attempt at this time a detailed description of the ruins. It has been known for many years that this district is rich in remains of antiquity, but the study of them has been overlooked. The presence of ruins at many points on both sides of the Chama is reported and here is a splendid

field for the investigator. A general idea of the character and extent of these ruins may be obtained from the report of Prof. E. D. Cope, paleontologist, in which he gives an account of those in one district, Gallinas creek, where he was encamped in 1874. I quote at length from his report:a

"My attention was first called to the archeology of the region by observing that the conic hills just mentioned appeared to be in many instances crowned with stone structures, which on examination proved

to be ruined buildings. These are round or square, with rounded angles, and from 15 to 25 feet in diameter. The walls are 2 and 3 feet. in diameter, and composed of stones of moderate size, which have been. roughly dressed or built without dressing into solid but not very closely-fitting masonry. The walls remaining measure from 10 feet high downward. A building more or less exactly agreeing with this description was found on the summit of every hill of a conical form in the vicinity. Their form is probably due to the shape of the

a Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, Appendix L L.