hill, as they were differently built on the level hog-backs. None of the circular buildings were found to be divided, nor were any traces of such buildings observed on lower ground.

"In riding past the foot of the precipice I observed what appeared to be stone walls crowning its summit. Examination of the ridge disclosed the fact that a village, forming a single line of thirty houses, extended along its narrow crest, twenty-two of them being south of the causeway and eight north of it. The most southern in situation is at some distance from the southern extremity of the hog-back. It is built on the western slope of the rock, a wall of 12 feet in height supporting it on that side, while the narrow ledge forming the summit of the ridge is its back wall. It is square, 3.355 meters on a side, and has a floor leveled with earth and stones. The second house is immediately adjoining and is surrounded by an independent wall, that on the lower side of the ridge being still 12 feet in height. The length of the inclosure is 4.69 meters and the width 2.68 meters; full sized scrub-oak and sage brush are growing in it. The stumps of two cedar posts remain, one 5 the other 8 inches in diameter. The third house adjoins No. 2, but is surrounded by a distinct wall, except at the back or side next the precipice, where a ledge of rock completes the inclosure. The latter is 4.02 meters long.

"Beyond these ruins is an interval of 69 meters, where the summit of the rock is narrow and smooth. The walls of an oval building follow, which inclose a space of 4.69 meters. They are 2 to 2 feet in thickness, and stand 8 feet high on the western side; the eastern wall stands on the sheer edge of the precipice. A building adjoins, with the dividing-wall common to the preceding house. Its east and west walls stand on parallel ledges of the sandstone strata. Diameter of this inclosure 5.37 meters. A space of 15.4 meters follows, with precipices on both sides, when we reach house No. 6. The eastern wall stands 5 feet high on the summit of the precipice, from which a stone might be dropped to the ground, perhaps 350 feet below. Only 8 feet of the western wall remained at the time of my examination. The inclosure is 6.04 meters long, and not quite so wide, and is divided transversely by a wall, which cuts off less than one-third of the apartment. In one of the opposite corners of the larger room is the stump of a cedar post 5 inches in diameter. This house can only be reached by climbing over narrow ledges and steep faces of rock. House No. 7 follows an interval of 42.30 meters. Its foundation-wall incloses an irregular square space 4.70 meters long and 3.69 meters wide; it is 11 feet high on the western side, and very regularly built and well preserved; on the east side it is 8 feet high, and is interrupted by a doorway of regular form.

"The crest of the ridge is without ruins for 52.34 meters farther, then a building follows whose inclosed space is an irregular circle of 4.70

meters diameter. A transverse summit-.edge forms its southern wall, but the remaining portion is remarkably massive, measuring 3 feet in thickness. Its western wall is 12 feet high, and contains many huge stones, which four or five men could not lift unaided by machinery. Several scrub-oaks of 3 inches in diameter grow in this chamber, and stumps of the cedar posts that supported the roof remain. Here follows a row of ten similar ruined houses, measuring from 3.35 to 6.24 meters in length. Of these No. 13 is remarkable for containing a scrub-oak of 13 inches in diameter, the largest that I have seen in the country, and the species is an abundant one. In No. 14 the remaining western wall is 15 feet in height. There was a good deal of pottery lying on the western slope of the rock, but of flint implements and chips I found but few. All of these ruins contain full-grown sage bushes. No. 18 is the largest ruin; the length of its inclosure is 8.62 meters, and the width 6.71 meters; its west wall is 6 feet high; the floor is overgrown with sage of the largest size. This building stood 51 meters from No. 17; 12.80 meters northward the ridge descends slightly to the level of the causeway already mentioned. Here are five more ruined buildings of the same average size as the others, interrupted by but one short interval.

From this depression, that part of the hog-back which is north of the causeway rises abruptly in a perpendicular face. It is composed principally of two layers of the sandstone, dipping at 45° W., which are separated by a deep cavity from a point 15 feet from the base upward. This niche has been appropriated for a habitation, for it is walled to a height of 8 feet from its base. The foot of the wall is quite inaccessible, but by climbing round the eastern face of the precipice a ledge is found at the base of the projecting stratum, which forms the east wall of the inclosure. This was scaled by means of a staircase of stones, a number of which were in position at the time of my visit. The remaining portion of the hog-back is elevated and smooth, and the foundation stones only of several houses remain. One of these contain two stout posts, of which 4 feet remain above ground. The last house is near the end of the ridge, and is bounded by a wall 10 feet in height, which forms its western side.

"The walls of these houses are built of a mortar of mud, mixed, in many cases at least, with ashes, judging from the abundant specks of charcoal which it contains. It is not of good quality, and has weathered much from between the stones.

"This town I called Cristone. The same hog-back recommences a little more than a mile to the north, rising to a greater elevation, say 600 or 700 feet above the valley. The east side is perpendicular, while the dip of the west side is 60°, and sometimes even a higher angle. On this almost inaccessible crest I could see from the valley the walls of ruined stone buildings, such as I have just described.

In

the opposite direction I observed a similar ruin on an outlying hill adjacent to the southern portion of the southern hog-back. This one is of larger size than any of the others.

"In other localities ruined stone buildings occupy the flat summits of mesa hills of the bad-lands, often in very elevated and well-defended positions. It was a common observation that the erosion of the faces of these bluffs had undermined the foundations of the houses, so that their wall-stones, with the posts, were mingled with the pottery on the talus below. At one point foundation-walls stand on an isthmus, connecting a butte with the mesa, of which a width of 20 feet remains, but which is furrowed with water channels. Here Eocene fossils and pottery, including a narrow-necked jug, were confusedly mixed together. At another point the narrow summit of a butte, of nearly 200 feet elevation, is covered with remnants of stone buildings which extend for a length of 200 yards. The greater part of them had been undermined, and the stones were lying in quantities on the talus at the time of my visit. At one end of the line the bases of two rectangular walls, perhaps of towers, appeared to have been placed as supports to the terrace. Very dry cedar posts occur among the ruins, and three such, standing upright on the summit of the butte, mark a spot as yet unaffected by the disintegration of the cliff. At a remote portion of the ruins, on a remaining ledge, I found a square inclosure formed of stones set on edge, three stones forming each half of the inclosure. The number of buildings in a square mile of that region is equal to if not greater than the number now existing in the more densely populated rural districts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In general, I may say that the number of ruins I found was in direct proportion to the attention I gave the matter; where I looked for them I invariably found them in suitable situations.

"Perhaps the most remarkable fact in connection with these ruins is the remoteness of a large proportion of them from water. They occur everywhere in the bad-lands to a distance of twenty-five miles from any terrestrial source of supply."

III. RUINS OF THE JEMEZ VALLEY a

In the lower Jemez valley there are three inhabited pueblos, Jemez, Sia, and Santa Ana, and there are perhaps as many as twenty or thirty deserted sites, situated mostly in the upper valleys, some of which must have been villages of considerable importance. All are of the usual pueblo type, differing somewhat from the more northern villages of like situation, but typical of the middle region, to which they belong.

a From Notes on the Antiquities of Jemez Valley, New Mexico, by W. H. Holmes. American Anthropologist, v. I, no. 2, April-June, 1905.

The early days of Spanish occupancy of the Jemez country, 1540 to 1700, witnessed many stirring events of conquest, revolt, and reconquest, and numerous interesting details culled from the Spanish chronicles are given by Bandelier in his Final Report. The Jemez pueblos were first visited by the Spaniards under Francisco de Barrionuevo in 1541. Oñate, in 1598, saw eight villages, and others were mentioned to him. Bandelier says that at the time of his visits in 1880-1885 the Jemez gave him the names of seventeen of the old pueblos. He believes that the numerous small villages were gradually consolidated into two, and finally into one

the present pueblo. "

No. 40.-About half a mile. below the village of Jemez are two anciently inhabited sites that show no distinctly marked architectural remains, but the ground is strewn with various minor relics. No specimen was found that suggested Spanish influence, and all varieties could be duplicated from the more northern sites where Spanish influence was never felt. All other sites visited in the valley exhibit in different degrees traces of modern pueblo influence if not of the presence of the Spaniard. One of the sites is on the low east bank of the creek near the water's edge, and the other on the western side nearly opposite. Similar traces marking other ancient sites are found in various parts of the valley, and probably represent the exclusively prehistoric occupancy.

FIG. 26.-Ground plan of ruined pueblo three miles west of Jemez.

No. 41.-On a partially isolated bit of mesa about three miles west of Jemez is a considerable ruin, which does not bear evidence, however, of long continued occupancy. The summit of the mesa is without trees and almost without soil, and water must have been obtained. from far below. The walls of the ruin are well defined, and stand in places five or six feet in height; but they are formed of rough, loosely laid stones, and are extremely thin and unstable. They could not have been high at any time, as there is a marked absence of débris, and the dearth of pottery and kitchen refuse would seem to stamp the place as a temporary or emergency abode. The site is favorable for

a A. F. Bandelier, in Papers of the Archæological Institute of America, Amer. series, IV, Final Report part II, p. 208, Cambridge, Mass., 1892.

defense, and there are traces of defensive walls along the margin of the summit. The buildings are irregular in plan and comprise three groups, the full length of the groups being about 450 feet and the width 350 feet." A sketch plan is given in figure 26. appears to be no definite historic reference to this site.

There

No. 42.-Two unimportant ruined structures occur three and a half miles northeast of Jemez pueblo, on a bluff overlooking Vallecito creek (fig. 27). They are rather unpretentious piles, and by their advanced state of decay would seem to have been long deserted. There are no positive indications of occupancy by post-Spanish inhabitants. Fragments of the archaic varieties of pottery occur, and the usual forms of stone implements. The lower ruin, a, about 150 feet above the creek level, is squarish in outline, and is about 175 by 180 feet in extent. It incloses a court in which a shallow circular depres

Б

བྱ་བས་ད་་པ/དང༤༤༤

z/liu-t-il- It--au

FIG. 27.-Ground plan of ruined pueblo on Vallecito creek.

sion occurs. The ridges of débris are four or five feet in height and two or three rooms in width. The upper structure, b, is about 150 by 200 feet in extent, and embodies two courts. The walls are very much reduced.

No. 43. Patokwa.-Two ruined pueblos, extremely interesting on account of their connection with the events of the Spanish conquest, are found at the confluence of the two main branches of Jemez creek, six miles above the present Jemez pueblo. One is on a low mesa point between the two streams, and the other occupies the end of the great mesa several hundred feet above. The lower site (fig. 28, a) is one that would naturally be selected for residence by primitive peoples, and may well have been a principal pueblo of the valley in preSpanish times. One portion of the ruin is a large mound of débris from which the larger stones have been removed. This represents the prehistoric town. The other portion is in a much better state of preservation, and consists of lines of fallen house rows surrounding two great courts. That this structure is of late date is clearly indicated, not only by its state of preservation but by the presence at one corner of the ruins of a Catholic church.

a The measurements given in this [Professor Holmes'] paper are all mere estimates, and the orientations are only approximate.