and the Constitution has become a document sacred to the

entire country.

During the controversy which preceded the Civil War, prominent statesmen were Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. (Refer to ¶¶ 87 and 88.) Whittier and Lowell were among the powerful writers who opposed slavery. (Refer to ¶¶ 108 and 110.)

The decisive battle of the Civil War was fought at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863. (Read Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, ¶ 55.) Great leaders of the North were Ulysses S. Grant and David G. Farragut; of the South, Robert E. Lee. (Refer to TT 90, 91, and 92.)

50. How commerce and industries increased.

After the Civil War the region west of the Mississippi River developed very rapidly as a section for farming, cattleraising, mining, and timber-growing. Settlement was aided by greatly increased immigration from Europe. The old canals were little used; great railroads took their place and soon stretched entirely across the continent.

There was progress in the South, also. Cotton-raising became more profitable than ever; the rich soil produced good crops of many sorts; mines of coal and iron ore were opened, and railroads were built. Within twenty-five years, the South had become richer and more prosperous than ever before. And its progress continues to this day.

51. How the United States became a world power.

In 1898, when William McKinley was President, the United States fought a war with Spain. This was due to the cruel Spanish rule of Cuba, which the United States, as Cuba's most powerful neighbor, resented in the interest of humanity. The war resulted in making Cuba a republic. Other colonies of Spain, in Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands, became the property of the United States. (Refer to ¶ 127.)

Until this time our country had owned no distant colonies, and had felt no responsibility for conditions beyond the limits of the American continents. But now, with the duty of governing and educating the inhabitants of our new colonies, came contact with those powers of Europe which had colonies in the Far East near our own. The United States became a "world power," with a share in the responsibility for the peace, comfort, and civilization of the world.

When the Great War broke out in Europe in 1914, the United States Government proclaimed neutrality. Popular sympathy, however, was with the Allies. We sympathized with the Allies because of England, whence came "the laws, the traditions, the standards of life, and the inherent love of liberty" which Americans had made their own; and because of France, who aided us in our War of Independence, and who was the first nation "to follow our lead into republican liberty.'

Germany's outrages upon Belgium in the early days of the war, and her later faithless treatment of Russia, inflamed public opinion against her autocratic rulers. Later it became clear from Germany's methods of war that the safety of America herself depended upon our entering the war and helping to crush the Kaiser and his forces. Not only had Germany violated all our rights as neutrals, but she had sought to create trouble for us with Japan, and with Mexico; she had sunk the Lusitania, and had begun sinking our own ships in her unrestricted submarine warfare. It became inevitable therefore that the United States must enter the war if democracy was to be preserved for the world, if our own existence as a nation was to be assured, and if the rights of neutrals in time of war were to be enforced.

On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war upon Germany. From that day our every effort was directed to winning the war. The end came soon. The armistice offered to Germany by the nations allied against her was signed November 11, 1918, and on that day President Wilson wrote:

"Everything for which America fought has been accomplished. It will now be our fortunate duty to assist by example, by sober, friendly counsel, and by material aid in the establishment of just democracy throughout the world." (Read ¶ 63.)

Documents illustrating American Liberty

52. The Mayflower Compact.

The Mayflower was the ship that brought to Plymouth, Massachusetts, the little band of English “Pilgrim Fathers" who landed there in November, 1620. Before they set foot on land after their voyage, forty-one of the men of the party drew up and signed the "Mayflower Compact" which established self-government in this New England colony. (Refer to ¶¶ 44 and 73.)

"In the name of God, amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord King James, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God and advancement of the Christian faith and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620."

The "Mayflower Compact" is the direct forerunner of the Declaration of Independence. It is an expression by the colonists of

their willingness to submit to the governors and form of government that they themselves selected "by common consent.”

53. The Declaration of Independence.

(Refer to ¶¶ 46 and 60.)

In Congress, July 4, 1776. The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America.

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the