once the eloquence of the preacher, of the controversialist, and of the historian.' -Macaulay's Hist. of England. Joseph Wilcocks (1756), Dean of Westminster. Under this Dean the muchabused western towers of the Abbey were erected. They are triumphantly exhibited on his monument by Cheere, and he is buried under the south-west tower. It was his son whose character and conduct elicited for him from Pope Clement XIII. the title of 'Blessed Heretic. (Above these) Admiral Richard Tyrrell (1766), an immense monument like a nightmare, till recently closed three parts of the window. The Admiral, who was a nephew of the Sir Peter Warren whose tomb is in the north transept, was distinguished when commanding the Buckingham against the French. He died and was buried at sea. Nathaniel Read, a pupil of Roubiliac, here represented his ascent-a naked figure-from the waves to heaven. Beneath are, in wild confusion, the coralline depths of the sea, a number of allegorical figures, and the Buckingham jammed into a rock. This monument was partially destroyed in 1882, and the figure unjustifiably removed. Zachary Pearce (1774), Bishop of Rochester, and the Dean of Westminster who proposed to remove the glorious tomb of Aylmer de Valence to set up the cenotaph of General Wolfe. He is buried at Bromley. The monument here has a bust by Tyler. William Buckland (1856), the geologist Dean of Westminster-a bust by Weekes. Mrs. Katherine Bovey (1724)—a monument by Gibbs the architect, erected by Mrs. Mary Pope, who lived with her nearly forty years in perfect friendshipwith an astonishing epitaph. These friends were the 'Perverse Widow' and her 'Malicious Confident of Sir Roger de Coverley.2 John Thomas (1793), Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester--a bust by Bacon, jun., from a portrait by Sir J. Reynolds. (Above) John Ireland (1713), Dean of Westminster and founder of the Ireland Scholarships-a bust by Termouth. (Over these, in the window) Gen. Viscount Howe (1758), killed on the march to Ticonderoga. In the monument, by Scheemakers, the genius of Massachusetts Bay sits disconsolate at the foot of an obelisk bearing the arms of the deceased. John Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence (1879), 'who feared man so little, because he feared God so much '-a bust by Woolner. 'Here let him sleep, where they too are at rest, Who help'd him stay our empire when it reel'd- A simple-manner'd, rude, and rugged man, Punch, July 12, 1879. Opposite these, in the Nave, are a group of interesting gravestones, viz. Richard Chenevix Trench (1886), the poet Dean, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin. Thomas Tompion (1713), mechanician, and George Graham (1751), early English watchmakers. David Livingstone (1873), the missionary, traveller, and philanthropist, whose body was brought from the centre of Africa. On the grave are recorded the last 1 See Walpole's Letters. 2 Spectator, No. 113. Flaxley. Mrs. Pope erected another monument to her friend at words he wrote in his diary-'All I can add in my solitude is, may Heaven's rich blessing come down on every one, American, English, or Turk, who will help to heal this open sore of the world'-i.e. the slave trade. Robert Stephenson (1859), the famous engineer-a brass Sir Charles Barry (1860), the architect—a brass. Sir Gilbert Scott, the architect (1878). George Edmund Street (1881), architect of the Law Courts. Sir George Pollock (1872), Constable of the Tower. Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde (1863), who recaptured Lucknow. Thomas Cochrane, tenth Earl of Dundonald (1860). Returning to the South Aisle, beginning from the Cloister door, we see General George Wade (1748), celebrated for his military roads; commemorated in the distich- 'If you'd seen these roads before they were made, You'd hold up your hands and bless General Wade. The monument-in which Time, endeavouring to overthrow the memory of the dead (a memorial pillar), is repelled by Fame-is a disgrace to Roubiliac, who nevertheless used to come and stand before this, which he considered his best work, weeping that it was placed too high. Sir James Outram (1863), 'the Bayard of India'-a bust by Noble. Carola Morland (1674) and Anne Morland (1680). Two monuments to the two wives of Sir Samuel Morland, secretary of Oliver Cromwell, who wrote the 'History of the Evangelical Churches of Piedmont.' He is regarded as the inventor of the speaking-trumpet and fire-engine. He has displayed his learning here in inscriptions in Hebrew, Greek, Ethiopic, and English. General James Fleming (1750)—a monument by Roubiliac. Sir Charles Harboard and Clement Cottrell (1672), friends who perished with the Earl of Sandwich in the Royal James, destroyed by a fire-ship in a naval engagement with the Dutch off the coast of Suffolk. (Over the last) William Hargrave (1750), Governor of Gibraltar. On the monument Hargrave is seen rising from the tomb, while Time has overthrown Death, and is breaking his dart. A much-extolled work of Roubiliac, who repeats here the skeleton which appears on Mr. Nightingale's tomb. Sidney, Earl of Godolphin (1712), Prime Minister during the first nine glorious years of the reign of Queen Anne.' Burnet speaks of him as 'the silentest and modestest man that was perhaps ever bred in a court.' The monument, by Bird, was erected by his daughter-in-law, Henrietta Godolphin. Colonel Roger Townshend (1759), killed at Ticonderoga in North America. The architecture of the monument is by R. Adam, the architect, the relief by Echstein. Sir Palmes Fairborne (1680), Governor of Tangier, where he is buried. The monument is by T. Bushnell, the epitaph by Dryden." Major John André (1780), who during the American war was hanged as a spy by Washington, in spite of the pathetic petition that he would adapt the mode of his death to his feelings as a man of honour.' He was buried under the gallows near the River Hudson, but in 1821 his remains were honourably restored by the Americans, on the petition of the Duke of York. The monument, erected on the command and at the expense of George III. by Van Gelder, bears a relief representing Washington receiving the petition of André as to the manner of his death. The head of André has been twice knocked off and stolen; on one occasion it was by an American, who confessed in his last illness having taken it, and sent it back to Dean Buckland, who had it replaced.1 The wanton mischief of some Westminster schoolboy, about the time you were a scholar there; do you know anything about the unfortunate relic?' said Charles Lamb to Southey. South Aisle of Choir (Right) Admiral George Churchill (1710), brother of the great Duke of Marlborough. Major Richard Creed (1704), who attended William III. in all his wars,' and was killed in the battle of Blenheim. Sir Richard Bingham (1598), celebrated in the wars of Mary and Elizabeth-a small black monument with a curious epitaph recounting the varied scenes of his warfare. Martin Ffolkes (1754), celebrated as a numismatist, President of the Royal Society, buried at Hillingdon. Dr. Isaac Watts (1748), 'the first of the Dissenters who courted attention by the graces of language.' 2 Buried at Bunhill Fields. A tablet with a relief by Banks. George Stepney (1707), Ambassador in the reigns of William III. and Anne. John Wesley (1791) and Charles Wesley (1788)-medallions by J. A. Acton. William Wragge (1777), lost by shipwreck on his passage as a refugee from South Carolina. His son floated on a package, supported by a black slave, till cast upon the shore of Holland. The shipwreck is seen in a relief. Sir Cloudesley Shovel (1707), Commander-in-Chief of the Fleet. As he was returning with his fleet from Gibraltar his ship was wrecked on the Bishop and his Clerks' off the Scilly Isles. His body was washed on shore, buried, disinterred, and after lying in state at his house in Soho Square, was laid in the Abbey. In this abominable monument by Bird he is represented in his own well-known wig, but with a Roman cuirass and sandals! 'Sir Cloudesley Shovel's monument has very often given me very great offence. Instead of the brave rough English Admiral, which was the distinguishing character of that plain gallant man, he is represented on his tomb by the figure of a beau, dressed in a long periwig, and reposing himself upon velvet cushions, under a canopy of state. The inscription is answerable to the monument; for, instead of celebrating the many remarkable actions he had performed in the service of his country, it acquaints us only with the manner of his death, in which it was impossible for him to reap any honour.'-Spectator, No. 26. The wreck of the Association is represented on the monument, which was erected by Queen Anne. 'A working-man told me that he derived his name from the humble origin from which he sprang, for it was so humble that he was taken with a shovel out of a heap of ashes, and he was called Shovel from the instrument then used, and Cloudesley from the filthy and cloudy appearance which he presented on that occasion.-A. P. Stanley. (Above Sir C. Shovel) Sir Godfrey Kneller (1723), the great portrait-painter from the time of Charles II. to George I., the only painter commemorated in the. Abbey. Even he is not buried here, but at Kneller Hall, in accordance with his exclamation to Pope upon his death-bed-'By God, I will not be buried in Westminster; they do bury fools there.' He designed his own monument, however; the bust is by Rysbrach, and Pope wrote the epitaph- 'Kneller, by Heaven, and not a master, taught, Whose art was nature, and whose pictures thought- Lies, crowned with princes' honours, poets' lays, 1 Dean Buckland himself told this to Countess Grey. 2 Dr. Johnson. 3 The last two lines were borrowed from Cardinal Bembo's distich on Raffaelle. Left Wall (of Choir)— Thomas Thynne, of Longleat (1682), the Issachar of Dryden, murdered at the foot of the Haymarket by the hired assassins of Count Konigsmarck, in jealousy for his being accepted as the husband of the great heiress Elizabeth Percy, then the child-widow of Lord Ogle. The murder is graphically represented in a relief upon the monument, by Quellin. 'A Welshman, bragging of his family, said his father's effigy was set up in Westminster Abbey; being asked whereabouts, he said, "In the same monument with Squire Thynne, for he was his coachman."-Joe Miller's Jests. Thomas Owen (1598), Judge of Common Pleas in the time of Elizabeth--a fine old monument of the period. Pasquale de Paoli (1807), the Italian patriot, buried at St. Pancras, and removed thence to Corsica-a bust by Flaxman. Dame Grace Gethin (1697), considered a prodigy in her day, whose book of devotions was published after her death by Congreve, with a prefatory poem. He believed or pretended that its contents were original, 'noted down by the authoress with her pencil at spare hours, or as she was dressing;' but the 'Reliquiae Gethinianae' are chiefly taken from Lord Bacon and other authors: 'the marble book in Westminster Abbey must therefore lose most of its leaves.' 1 Grace, (wife of Sir Richard Gethin) was only twenty-one when she died. She is buried at Hollingbourne in Kent, where her relations, the Culpeppers, resided, and where her epitaph records her remarkable vision before death. *Sir Thomas Richardson (1634), Speaker of the House of Commons, Judge of Common Pleas, created Lord Chief Justice by Charles I. He was known as 'the jeering Lord Chief Justice,' who, when he was reprimanded by Laud for an order he had issued against the ancient customs of wakes, protested in a fury that the lawn sleeves had almost choked him;' and who, when he condemned Prynne, said that he 'might have the Book of Martyrs to amuse him.' This tomb is the last till a hundred and fifty years were past which had any pretensions to real art. It is of black marble, and has a most noble bust by Hubert le Soeur. William Thynne of Botterville, or Botteville (1584), Receiver of the Marches under Henry VIII.-a noble figure in armour, lying on a mat. Andrew Bell (1832), founder of the Madras system of education-a tablet by Behnes. We must now enter the Choir, the loftiest in England, which, as has been already observed, projects into the nave after the fashion of Spanish cathedrals. Its reredos, a miserable work of Scott, was erected in 1867. The site was long occupied (1706-1824) by a fine but incongruous work of Inigo Jones, brought from Hampton Court by Wren, which was restored away to make room for a time for a wretched plaster work of Bernasconi. This is the scene of the coronations, which are still described as taking place 'in Our Palace at Westminster,' because the Abbey is, as it were, a chapel to the ancient palace, with which it communicated through the south transept. Here Richard II. was crowned at eleven years old, and was carried out fainting from the fatigue of the long ceremony, and here Henry VI. was crowned in his eighth year. The vestments used at coronations are the linen colobium sindonis, corresponding with the alb of a cleric or rochet of a bishop: the tunicle or dalmatic of cloth of gold: the armilla or stole put across one shoulder, as worn by a deacon and the mantle of cloth of gold, worked with imperial eagles and embroidered with the rose, shamrock, and thistle, which has been compared to an ecclesiastical chasuble. Three swords are : 1 Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature. carried before the sovereign: one, with a blunted edge, indicates mercy, the second spiritual jurisdiction, the third temporal power. None of the copes used at coronations date beyond the seventeenth century. Four of the Abbots of Westminster are buried in the space in front of the altar. Abbot Richard de Ware (1284), who brought the materials of the beautiful mosaic pavement back with him from Rome; Abbot Wenlock (1308), under whom the buildings of Henry III. were completed; the unworthy Albot Kydyngton (1315), whose election was obtained by the influence of Piers Gaveston with Edward II.; and Abbot Henley (1344). On the left are three beautiful royal monuments which we have already seen from the northern ambulatory-Aveline, Aylmer de Valence, and Edmund Crouchback; but here alone can we examine the beautiful effigy of Aveline, Countess of Lancaster, daughter of William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle and Holdernesse, the greatest heiress in England in the time of Henry III., when she was married in the Abbey to his younger son, Edmund Crouchback, in 1269, being probably the first bride married in the Abbey. She is dressed in a flowing mantle, but wears the disfiguring gorget of white cambric, with a vizor for the face, which was fashionable at the time, as a female imitation of the helmets of the crusading knights. "The splendour of such works, when the gilding and emblazoning were fresh, may easily be imagined; but it may be a question whether they do not make a stronger appeal to the sentiment in their more sombre and subdued colour, than they would if they were in the freshness of their original decoration.' 2 On the right, nearest the altar, are the sedilia shown as the tomb of Sebert and Ethelgoda, noticed from the southern aisle. They were once decorated with eight paintings of figures, of which two, Henry III. and Sebert, remain: one of the lost figures represented Edward the Confessor. Next is the tomb of Anne of Cleves, the repudiated fourth wife of Henry VIII. She continued to reside in England, treated with great honour by her step-children, and her last public appearance was at the coronation of Mary, to which she rode in the same carriage with the Princess Elizabeth. 'She was,' says Holinshed, 'a lady of right commendable regard, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper, and very bountiful to her servants.' She died peacefully at Chelsea, 1557, and was magnificently buried by Mary at the feet of King Sebert. This Protestant princess, whose marriage was brought about by Cromwell and Cranmer to further the cause of the Reformation, had turned to Romanism in her later years. Her funeral, at which Bonner sang mass in his mitre, and Abbot Feckenham preached, was one of the last great Catholic solemnities celebrated in the Abbey. The tomb was never finished, but may be recognised by her initials A. and C., several times repeated. 'Not one of Henry's wives had a monument,' wrote Fuller, 1 The Purbeck marble setting proves that the pavement was not sent from Rome in a finished state. 2 Professor Westmacott. |