Saviour on the cross. In one of the recesses of the north-eastern triforium is the Pulpit, 'which resounded with the passionate appeals, at one time of Baxter, Howe, and Owen, at other times of Heylin, Williams, South, and Barrow.'1 The helmets of the Knights of the Bath, when removed from Henry VII.'s Chapel, are preserved here. Farther on are two marble reliefs, with medallions of the Saviour and the Virgin, supposed to have been intended, but not used, for the tomb of Anne of Cleves. At the end of the north-western triforium is a curious chest for vestments, in which copes could be laid without folding.

At the end of the southern cloister, on the right, was the Abbot's House, now the Deanery.2 The dining-room, where Sir J. Reynolds was the frequent guest of Dr. Markham, contains several interesting portraits of historic deans. Behind the bookcases of the library a secret chamber was discovered in 1864, supposed to be that in which Abbot William of Colchester, to whose guardianship three suspected dukes and two earls had been intrusted by Henry IV., plotted with them (1399) for the restoration of Richard II. Shakspeare gives the scene. It was probably in this secret chamber that Richard Fiddes was concealed and supplied with materials for writing that 'Life of Wolsey' which was intended to vilify the Reformation and counteract its effects. Here also, perhaps, Francis Atterbury, the most prominent of the Westminster deans-the furious Jacobite, who, on the death of Queen Anne, prepared to go in lawn sleeves to proclaim James III. at Charing Cross-entered into those plots for which he was sent to the Tower and exiled.

During the Commonwealth the Deanery was leased to John Bradshaw, President of the High Court of Justice. He died in the Deanery, and was buried in the Abbey.

On the other side of the picturesque little court in front of the Deanery is the Abbot's Refectory, now the College Hall, where the Westminster scholars dine. Till the time of Dean Buckland (184556) the hall was only warmed by a brasier, of which the smoke escaped through the louvre in the roof. The huge tables of chestnut-wood are said to have been presented by Elizabeth from the wrecks of the Spanish Armada. Here probably it was—in the 'Abbot's Place' —that the widowed queen Elizabeth Woodville (April 1483), crossing over from the neighbouring palace, took refuge with Abbot Esteney while the greater security of the Sanctuary was being prepared for her. Here she sat on the rushes, 'all desolate and dismayed,' with her long fair hair, which in her distress had escaped from its confinement, sweeping upon the ground.

Through the little court of the Deanery is the approach to the Jerusalem Chamber, built by Abbot Litlington between 1376 and 1386 as a guest-chamber for the Abbot's House. It probably derived its after-name from tapestry pictures of the History of Jerusalem with

1 Dean Stanley.

2 Once called Cheyney Gate Manor, from the chain across the entrance of the cloisters.

which it was hung. Here, in the ancient chamber where Convocation now holds its meetings, Henry IV. died of apoplexy, March 20, 1413, thus fulfilling the prophecy that he should die in Jerusalem.

'In this year was a great council holden at the White Friars of London, by the which it was among other things concluded, that for the king's great journey that he intended to take, in visiting of the Holy Sepulchre of our Lord, certain galleys of war should be made, and other perveance concerning the same journey. 'Whereupon all hasty and possible speed was made; but after the feast of Christmas, while he was making his prayers at St. Edward's shrine, to take there his leave, and so to speed him on his journey, he became so sick, that such as were about him feared that he would have died right there; wherefore they, for his comfort, bare him into the abbot's place, and lodged him in a chamber, and

there upon a pallet laid him before the fire, where he lay in great agony a certain time.

'At length, when he was coming to himself, not knowing where he was, he freyned [asked] of such as then were about him, what place that was; the which showed to him that it belonged unto the Abbot of Westminster; and for he felt himself so sick, he commanded to ask if that chamber had any special name; whereunto it was answered that it was named Jerusalem. Then said the king, "Praise be to the Father of heaven, for now I know I shall die in this chamber, according to the prophecy made of me beforesaid, that I should die in Jerusalem;' and so after he made himself ready, and died shortly after, upon the day of St. Cuthbert.'-Fabyan's Chronicle.

Shakspeare gives the last words of Henry IV.

'King Henry.-Doth any name particular belong
Unto the lodging where I first did swoon?

Warwick.-Tis call'd Jerusalem, my noble lord.

King Henry.-Laud be to God!-even there my life must end,
It hath been prophesied to me many years

I should not die but in Jerusalem;

Which vainly I supposed the Holy Land:
But bear me to that chamber; there I'll lie;
In that Jerusalem shall Harry die.'

2 Henry IV., Act iv. sc. 4.

Here Addison (1719), Sir Isaac Newton (1727), and Congreve (1728) lay in state before their burial in the Abbey.

As the warmth of the chamber drew a king there to die, so it attracted the Westminster Assembly in 1643, wearied with the cold of sitting in Henry VII.'s Chapel, which held no fewer than one thousand one hundred and sixty-three sessions, lasting through more than five years and a half, 'to establish a new platforme of worship and discipline to their nation for all time to come.'

'Out of these walls came the Directory, the Longer and Shorter Catechism, and that famous Confession of Faith which, alone within these islands, was imposed by law on the whole kingdom; and which, alone of all Protestant Confessions, still, in spite of its sternness and narrowness, retains a hold on the minds of its adherents to which its fervour and its logical coherence in some measure entitle it.'-Dean Stanley.

Here also the meetings of the Revisers of the Old Testament have taken place.

The chief existing decorations of this beautiful old chamber are probably due to Dean Williams in the time of James I., but the painted glass in the end window is of the time of Henry III., and the best in the Abbey. The panelling is of cedar-wood. tapestry is mostly of the time of Henry VIII. The death of Henry IV. is represented over the chimney-piece.

The

From the Deanery a low archway leads into Dean's Yard, once called 'The Elms,' from its grove of trees. The eastern side was formerly occupied by the houses of the Prior, Sub-Prior, and other officers of the convent, which still in part remain as houses of the canons. The buildings nearest the archway were known in monastic times as 'the Calberge.' In front of these, till the year 1758, stretched the long detached building of the convent Granary, which was used as the dormitory of Westminster School till the present dormitory on the western side of the College Garden was built by Dean Atterbury.

In the green space in the centre of the yard there takes place every summer an exhibition of the results of window-gardening,' exceedingly popular at the time with the poorer inhabitants of Westminster, and often productive of much innocent pleasure through the rest of the year.

On the east is a beautiful vaulted passage and picturesque gate of Abbot Litlington's time, leading to the groined entrance of Little Dean's Yard. The tower above the gate is that which was known as 'the Blackstole Tower.' On the other side of the yard is a classic gateway, the design of which is attributed to Inigo Jones, now covered with names of scholars, which forms the entrance to Westminster School, originally founded by Henry VIII., and richly endowed by Queen Elizabeth in 1560. The Schoolroom may be

At

best visited between 2 and 3 P.M. It was the dormitory of the monastery, and is ninety-six feet long and thirty-four broad. the south-western extremity two round arches of the Confessor's time remain, with the door which led by a staircase to the cloisters. On the opposite side is another arched window, and a door which led to Abbot Litlington's Tower,

In its present form the Schoolroom is a noble and venerable chamber. The timber roof is of oak, not chestnut, as generally represented. The upper part of the walls and the recesses of the windows are covered with names of scholars. Formerly the benches followed the lines of the walls, as in the old 'Fourth Form Room' at Harrow; the present horseshoe arrangement of benches was

introduced from the Charter House by Dean Liddell (who had been a Charter House boy) when he was head-master. The half-circle marked in the floor of the daïs recalls the semicircular form of the end of the room, which existed till 1868, and which gave the name of 'shell' (adopted by several other public schools) to the class which occupied that position. The old 'shell-forms,' the most venerable of the many ancient benches here, hacked and carved with names till scarce any of the original surface remains, are preserved in a small class-room on the left. In a similar room on the right is a form which bears the name of Dryden, cut in narrow capital letters. The school hours are from eight to nine, ten to half-past twelve, and half-past three to five.

High up, across the middle of the Schoolroom, an iron bar divides the Upper and Lower Schools. Over this bar, by an ancient custom, the college cook or his deputy tosses a stiffly made pancake on Shrove Tuesday. The boys, on the other side of the bar struggle to catch it, and if any boy can not only catch it, but convey it away intact from all competitors to the head-master's house (a difficult feat) he can claim a guinea. Since the accession of Head-master Rutherford only one boy from each form has been allowed to contend. In former days a curtain, hanging from this bar, separated the schools.

'Every one who is acquainted with Westminster School knows that there is a curtain which used to be drawn across the room, to separate the upper school from the lower. A youth [Wake, father of Archbishop Wake] happened, by some mischance, to tear the above mentioned curtain. The severity of the master [Dr. Busby] was too well known for the criminal to expect any pardon for such a fault; so that the boy, who was of a meek temper, was terrified to death at the thoughts of his appearance, when his friend who sat next to him bade him be of good cheer, for that he would take the fault on himself. He kept his word accordingly. As soon as they were grown up to be men, the civil war broke out, in which our two friends took the opposite sides; one of them followed the Parliament, the other the Royal party.

'As their tempers were different, the youth who had torn the curtain endeavoured to raise himself on the civil list, and the other, who had borne the blame of it, on the military. The first succeeded so well that he was in a short time made a judge under the Protector. The other was engaged in the unhappy enterprise of Penruddock and Groves in the West. Every one knows

that the royal party was routed, and all the heads of them, among whom was the curtain champion, imprisoned at Exeter. It happened to be his friend's lot at the time to go the western circuit. The trial of the rebels, as they were then called, was very short, and nothing now remained but to pass sentence on them; when the judge, hearing the name of his old friend, and observing his face more attentively.. asked him if he was not formerly a Westminster scholar. By the answer he was soon convinced that it was his former generous friend; and, without saying anything more at that time, made the best of his way to London, where, employing all his power and interest with the Protector, he saved his friend from the fate of his unhappy associates.'-Spectator, No. 313,

...

There is a bust of Dr. Busby in the School Library which adjoins the schoolroom; and a bust of Sir Francis Burdett, given by the Baroness Burdett Coutts, with, on the pedestal, a relief representing his leaving the Traitors' Gate of the Tower. There are about two hundred and forty boys at Westminster School, but of these only forty are on the foundation; they sleep in cubicles of the Dormitory, which was built along one side of the College Garden in