34. In conforming with these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. SECTION IV. BALLAST 35. The dropping of ballast other than fine sand or water from aircraft in the air is prohibited. SECTION V. SPECIAL RULES FOR AIR TRAFFIC ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF AERODROMES 36. At every aerodrome if a flying machine about to land or leave finds it necessary to make a circuit or partial circuit, such circuit or partial circuit shall, except in case of distress, be left-handed (anticlockwise). (The remainder of the paragraph is cancelled.) 37. When a flying machine starts from an aerodrome it shall not turn until 500 meters distance from the nearest point of the aerodrome, and the turning then must conform with the regulations provided in the preceding paragraph. 38. Every flying machine flying at a distance of between 500 and 1,000 meters from the nearest point of an aerodrome shall conform to the above mentioned circuit law, unless it is flying at a greater height than 2,000 meters. 39. Acrobatic landings are prohibited at aerodromes of contracting States used for international aerial traffic. Flying machines are prohibited from engaging in aerial acrobatics within a distance of at least 2,000 meters from the nearest point of such aerodromes. 40. At every aerodrome the direction of the wind shall be clearly indicated by one or more of the recognised methods, e. g., landing tee, conical streamer, smudge fire, etc. 41. Every flying machine when taking off or alighting on an aerodrome used for international air traffic shall do so up-wind, except when the natural conditions of the aerodrome do not permit. 42. In the case of two flying machines approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing, the flying machine flying at the greater height shall be responsible for avoiding the flying machine at the lower height, and shall as regards landing observe the rules of paragraph 28 for passing. 43. Flying machines showing signals of distress shall be given free way in attempting to make a landing on an aerodrome. 44. Every aerodrome shall be considered to consist of three zones when looking upwind. The right-hand zone shall be the taking-off zone, and the left-hand shall be the landing zone. Between these there shall be a neutral zone. A flying machine when landing should attempt to land as near as possible to the neutral zone, but in any case on the left of any flying machines which have already landed. After slowing up or coming to a stop at the end of its landing run, a flying machine will immediately taxi into the neutral zone. Similarly a flying machine when taking off shall keep as far as possible towards the right of the taking-off zone, but shall keep clear to the left of any flying machines which are taking off or about to take off. 45. No flying machine shall commence to take off until the preceding flying machine is clear of the aerodrome. 46. The above rules shall apply equally to night landings on aerodromes, when lights shall be placed on the aerodromes as follows: (a) (One sentence deleted). The right-hand zone will be marked by white lights placed in the position of an inverted "L," and the left-hand zone will be similarly marked. The inverted "L's" shall be back to back, that is to say, the long sides of the inverted "L's" will indicate the borders of the neutral zone, the direction of landing shall invariably be along the long arm of the inverted "L," and towards the short arm. The lights of the inverted "L's" should be so placed that the lights indicating the top extremity of the long arm shall be at the point nearest the perimeter of the aerodrome upon which a flying machine can safely touch ground. The lights indicating the short arm of the inverted "L" should indicate the limit of safe landing ground for the flying machines, that is, that the flying machine should not over-run the short arm. (See diagram A.) (b.) Where it is desired to save lights and personnel the following system may be used: Two lights shall be placed on the windward side of the aerodrome to mark the limits of the neutral zone mentioned in paragraph 44, the line joining the lights being at right angles to the direction of the wind. Two more lights shall be placed as follows: one on the leeward side of the aerodrome on the line drawn parallel to the direction of the wind and passing midway between the two lights on the windward side, to show the extent of the aerodrome and the direction of the wind, and the other shall be placed midway between the two lights marking the limits of the neutral zone (see diagram B). Additional lights may be symmetrically put along the boundary line of the neutral zone, and on the ends of the taking-off and landing zones on the line through the three lights on the windward side. 47. No fixed balloon, kite, or moored airship shall be elevated in the vicinity of any aerodrome without a special authorisation, except in the cases provided for in paragraph 20. 48. Suitable markings shall be placed on all fixed obstacles dangerous to flying within a zone of 500 metres of all aerodromes." 49. Every aircraft manœuvring under its own power on the water shall conform to the Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, and for the purposes of these regulations shall be deemed to be a steam-vessel, but shall carry the lights specified in the preceding rules, and not those specified for steam-vessels in the Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, and shall not use, except as specified in paragraphs 17 and 20 above, or be deemed to hear the sound signals specified in the above mentioned Regulations. 50. Nothing in the above rules shall exonerate any aircraft, or the owner, pilot or crew thereof, from the consequence of any neglect in the use of lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of the air, or by the special circumstances of the case. 51. Nothing in the above provisions shall interfere with the operation of any special rule or rules duly made and published relative to navigation of aircraft in the immediate vicinity of any aerodrome or other place, and it shall be obligatory on all owners, pilots, or crews of aircraft to obey such rules. ANNEX E. MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS NECESSARY FOR OBTAINING CERTIFICATES AS PILOTS AND NAVIGATORS SECTION I. CERTIFICATES FOR PILOTS OF FLYING MACHINES (A.) Private pilot's flying certificate (not valid for purposes of public transport): 1. PRACTICAL TESTS In each practical test the candidate must be alone in the flying machine. (a.) TEST FOR ALTITUDE AND GLIDING FLIGHT. A flight without landing during which the pilot shall remain for at least an hour at a minimum altitude of 2,000 metres above the point of departure. The descent shall finish with a glide, the Resolution No. 156 (0. B. 6, p. 45). engines cut off at 1,500 metres above the landing ground. The landing shall be made without restarting the engine and within 150 metres or less of a point fixed beforehand by the official examiners of the test. (b.) TESTS OF SKILL. A flight without landing around two posts (or buoys) situated 500 metres apart making a series of five figure-of-eight turns, each turn reaching one of the two posts (or buoys). This flight shall be made at an altitude of not more than 200 metres above the ground (or water) without touching the ground (or water). The landing shall be effected by: (i.) Finally shutting off the engine or engines at latest when the aircraft touches the ground (or water). (ii.) Finally stopping the flying machine within a distance of 50 metres from a point fixed by the candidate before starting. 2. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS Knowledge of rules as to Lights and Signals, and General rules for Air Traffic. Special rules for Air traffic on and in the vicinity of aerodromes. A practical knowledge of international air legislation. B. Pilot's flying certificate for flying machines used for purposes of public transport: 1. PRACTICAL TESTS In each practical test the candidate must be alone in the flying machine. (a.) The tests for altitude and gliding flight and for skill are the same as those required for a private pilot's flying certificate. Candidates already in possession of the latter certificate are not required to pass these tests again. (b.) Test of endurance consisting of a cross-country or oversea flight of at least 300 kilometers, after which the final landing shall be made at the point of departure. This flight shall be made in the same flying machine within eight hours. It shall include two obligatory landings (during which the machine must come to rest), which shall not be at the point of departure, but which shall be fixed beforehand by the examiners. At the time of departure the candidate shall be informed of his course and furnished with the appropriate map. The examiners will decide whether the course has been correctly followed. (c) Night Flight: A thirty minutes flight made between two hours after sunset and two hours before sunrise, at a height of at least 500 metres. 2. TECHNICAL EXAMINATION After satisfactory practical tests have been passed, candidates will, when summoned, submit themselves to examination on (a.) FLYING MACHINES. Theoretical knowledge of the laws of the resistance of the air especially as concerns its effects on wings and tail planes, rudders elevators, and propellers; functions of the different parts of the machine and of their controls. Assembling of flying machines and their different parts. Practical tests on rigging. (b.) ENGINES. General knowledge of internal combustion engines, including functions of the various parts; a general knowledge of the construction, assembling, adjustment, and characteristics of aero-engines. Causes of the faulty running of engines and of breakdown. Practical tests in running repairs. (c.) SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS. Knowledge of Rules as to Lights and Signals and General rules for Air traffic, and Special rules for Air traffic on and in the vicinity of aerodromes. Practical knowledge of the special conditions of air traffic and of international air legislation. Map reading, orientation, location of position, elementary meteorology. REMARKS The practical tests shall be carried out within a maximum period of one month. They may be carried out in any order, and each may be attempted twice. They shall be witnessed by properly accredited examiners, who will forward the official reports to the proper authorities. The official reports will give the different incidents, especially those of landings. The candidates shall furnish before each test proper identity forms. A barograph shall be carried on all practical tests, and the graph, signed by the examiners, shall be attached to their report. Pilots who hold the military pilot's certificate shall be entitled to the private pilot's flying certificate, but, in order to obtain the pilot's flying certificate for purposes of Public Transport it will be necessary to pass the technical conditions for navigation as required by B (2) (c.). SECTION II. CERTIFICATES FOR PILOTS OF FREE BALLOONS 1. Practical tests: The candidate must have completed the following certified ascents— 1. By day: 3 ascents under instruction. 1 ascent in control under supervision. 1 ascent alone in the balloon. 2. By night: 1 ascent alone in the balloon. Each ascent shall be of at least two hours' duration. 2. Theoretical tests: Elementary aerostatics and meteorology. 3. Special requirements: General knowledge of a balloon and its accessories; inflation; rigging; management of an ascent; instruments; precautions against cold and high altitudes. Knowledge of Rules as to Lights and Signals and General rules for Air traffic; Special rules for Air traffic on and in the vicinity of aerodromes. Practical knowledge of international air legislation. Map reading and orientation. SECTION III. CERTIFICATES FOR AIRSHIP PILOTS Every airship pilot shall have qualified as pilot of a free balloon. The holder of a first-class certificate is qualified to command any airship. The holder of a second-class certificate is qualified to command airships under 20,000 cubic metres capacity. The holder of a third-class certificate is qualified to command airships under 6,000 cubic metres capacity. All military and naval airship officer pilots are entitled to a third-class certificate. All military and naval airship officer pilots who have commanded airships over 6,000 cubic metres capacity are entitled to a first-class certificate. QUALIFICATIONS FOR THIRD-CLASS CERTIFICATE 1. Practical tests: (a.) Twenty certified flights (three of which shall be by night) in an airship, each flight being of at least one hour's duration. In at least four of these flights the candidate must have handled the airship himself, under the supervision of the commanding officer of the airship, including ascent and landing, during the whole flight if the duration thereof does not exceed four hours, and during at least four hours, if the flight is of longer duration. (b.) One flight on a predetermined course of at least 100 kilometers, terminating with a night landing, and made with a duly authorized inspector on board. 2. Theoretical examination: Aerostatics and meteorology. (Density of gases, laws of Mariotte and of Gay-Lussac; barometric pressure, Archimedes principle; confinement of gases; interpretation and use of meteorological information and of weather charts.) Physical and chemical properties of light gases, and of materials used in the construction of airships. General theory of airships. Dynamic properties of moving bodies in air. 3. General knowledge: Elementary knowledge of internal combustion engines. Elementary navigation; use of the compass; location of position. Inflation; stowage; rigging; handling; controls and instruments. QUALIFICATIONS FOR SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES 1. Practical tests: To be eligible for a second-class certificate a candidate must be holder of a third-class certificate and have at least four months' service as a third-class pilot on an airship; and also have completed at least ten flights as third-class pilot on an airship of capacity above 6,000 cubic metres, in which he has handled the airship himself, including ascent and landing, under the supervision of the commanding officer of the airship, during the whole flight if the duration thereof does not exceed four hours, and during at least four hours, if the flight is of longer duration. 2. Theoretical examination: Advanced knowledge of the subjects required for the third-class certificate. QUALIFICATIONS FOR FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE 1. Practical tests: To be eligible for a first-class certificate a candidate must be holder of a secondclass certificate, have at least two months active service as a second-class pilot on an airship, and also have completed at least five flights as second-class pilot of an airship of capacity above 20,000 cubic metres, in which he has handled the airship himself, including ascent and landing, under the supervision of the commanding officer of the airship, during the whole flight if the duration thereof does not exceed four hours, and during at least four hours, if the flight is of longer duration. Each flight must be at least of one hour's duration with a minimum of fifteen hours for the five flights. 2. Theoretical examination: As required for a second-class certificate. SECTION IV. CERTIFICATE FOR NAVIGATORS Aircraft used for public transport carrying more than ten passengers and having to make a continuous flight between two points more than 500 kilometers apart overland, or a night flight, or a flight between two points more than 200 kilometres apart over sea, must have on board a navigator who has been granted a certificate as such after passing a theoretical and practical examination in the following: 1. Practical astronomy: True and apparent movements of the celestial bodies. Different aspects of the celestial sphere. Hour angles, mean, true, and astronomical time. Shape and dimensions of the earth. Star globes and maps. Method of determining latitude, longitude, time, and azimuth. 2. Navigation: Maps and charts-how to read them. Compass; magnetic meridian; variation, deviation. Courses, bearings, and their corrections. Compensation of compasses (technical and practical). Calculations of azimuth. Flight by dead reckoning, measure of the relative speed, drift, traverse table. Chronometer, chronometer rate, comparisons. Sextants, adjustments. Nautical almanac. Determination of positions by means of bearing and altitude of stars. Knowledge of great circle navigation. Aeronautical navigational instruments. 3. General knowledge: International rules for air and maritime navigation. International air legislation. Practical knowledge of meteorology and use of weather charts. SECTION V. MEDICAL CERTIFICATES International medical requirements for air navigation A. Private pilots (flying machines): 1. Every candidate before obtaining a private pilot's license (flying machines) will present himself for an examination by qualified medical men specially appointed by or acting under the authority of the contracting States. |