Quebec shall always have sixty-five members in the House of Commons, and that the representation from the other eight provinces shall be in such number as shall bear the same ratio to the population of the province which it represents as sixty-five bears to the population of the province of Quebec.

This, then, establishes a basis, and it is upon this basis that the new apportionment will be made. While the changes of the last ten years in Canada have been remarkable in many respects, there is hardly a doubt that they will be even more marked at the close of the present decade.

COLONIES CLASSED ENGLISH AS TO IMPORTANCE

The outlying possessions are of two kinds:

1. Those of continental importance in themselves, such as Canada, India, Egypt, Australia, South Africa and the West Indian and South American Colonies; and

2. Coaling stations, naval ports, commanding the routes to these possessions, such as Gibralter, Malta, Cyprus, Ceylon, St. Helena Trinidad and a score more.

Political classes:

Some of the colonies are completely self-governed, with no dependence upon England except in form. This is true of Canada, Australia, and quite so of Cape Colony. These colonies are said to have "Responsible governments."

The English ministry appoints a governor-general, a nominal executive, whose power resembles those of the figurehead monarch in England, but the people of the colonies elect the local Legislature, and the real executive is the local ministry, responsible to the Legislature as the ministry in England is to Parliament.

"India is a huge colony of the crown. Until 1851, it remained under control of the East India Company, but in that year came the sepoy mutiny-a rising of a part of the native solders-and when order had been restored, India was annexed to the British crown. The English ministry appoints a viceroy and a council, and these authorities name the subordinate officials for the subdivisions of the vast country. In the smaller districts, the English officials are assisted by immediate officers and to some extent by elected councils of natives.

"Outside the territory ruled directly by England, there are also nearly a thousand native principalities, large and small, where the governments are really directed by resident English agents.-(West's Modern History, Page 557.)

NEWSPAPERS REPRESENTING THE WORLD EMPIRE OF GREAT BRITAIN

Sir Patrick Thomas McGrath, member of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland; editor and proprietor of the St. John's Evening Herald, has contributed to the September Review of Reviews an interesting description of Britain's Press Parliament, Canadian Meeting of the British Empire, Press Union in the Overseas Dominion. He states that it is an organization of newspapers of both the United Kingdom and its overseas possessions and attended by rep. resentatives of newspapers in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Canada, New Africa, Malta, Egypt, India, Ceylon, Malays, HongKong, Australia and New Zealand.

Never, perhaps, has such a gathering been brought about in any land or clime of those whose task is to mold public opinion, the personnel ranging downward from Viscount Burnham, the multi-millionaire proprietor of the London Daily Telegraph, Lord Apsley, son of the proprietor of the London Morning Post, and Baron Atholstan, proprietor of the Montreal Daily Star, through a group of titled principals of British and Overseas journals, to directors, managers, editors, and correspondents from far and near, the roster being completed by spokesmen for the printers and other mechanics associated with the production of newspapers, and one lady, the mouthpiece of the women journalists of the British Isles.

About 120 delegates from all parts of the Empire except Canada are participating in the whole tour; with Canadian delegates engaging in the conference proper, decisions being reached by the entire gathering on the basis of one vote for each delegate, Canada having twenty votes, or the equivalent of those from Australia and New Zealand, which countries most nearly approach her in point of population.

This conference is the outgrowth of a movement originated twelve years ago, with the object of promoting a better interchange of knowledge and information between the various units of the British Empire. It was made clear to the leading newspaper magnates of London how fruitful of good such a parliament of Empire editors would be and a preliminary conference was convened in London in 1909, which was attended by spokesmen from overseas as well as from England, resulting in a permanent organization being formed and steps taken for a larger conference in Canada in 1915, to be followed thereafter, at five-year intervals, by similar meetings in the other large oversea possessions. The oncoming of war in 1914 rendered the carrying out of this program impossible, but now that peace has come to the world again the plan is being taken up anew and it is hoped that 1924 will see the conference functioning in

Australia, four years later in South Africa, after that in India, and subsequently in other parts of the Empire. At the same time branches have been organized in the various large overseas Dominions with local executives, by which means the sentiment of each of these appagnages on questions of pressing import can be readily registered. The importance of this Press Conference is enhanced enormously by the fact that it follows so closely upon the great war which has done so much to cement the constituent parts of the British Empire and to improve the relations between all sections of it through their common sacrifices in the recent conflict.

PERSIA A REPUBLIC; SHAH ABDICATES

Paris, August 9, 1920.—(Herald and Examiner-Universal Cable.) -The Shah of Persia has abdicated and a Persian republic has been formed, according to a Central News dispatch from Constantinople to the Echo de Paris today.

LEAGUE GIVES PLAN FOR WORLD TRIBUNAL

(By The Associated Press)

London, England, Sept. 15, 1920.-The headquarters of the league of nations has made public the text of the project for a permanent court of international justice, as adopted by The Hague committee of jurists of which Elihu Root was a member, with a letter from the council of the league to all governments that have entered the league of nations.

The council in its letter to the governments says:

"The council do not propose to express any opinion on the merits of the scheme until they have had a full opportunity of considering it." Articles 2 and 3 give the membership of the court as follows: "The permanent court of international justice shall be composed of a body of independent judges, elected regardless of their nationality, from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required, in their respective countries, for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law.

"The court shall consist of fifteen members-eleven judges and four deputy judges. The number of judges and deputy judges may be hereafter increased by the assembly upon the proposal of the council of the league of nations to a total of fifteen judges and six deputy judges."

The manner of choosing the judges by the different national groups is provided. The members of the court are elected for nine years. The president and the vice-president of the court serve for three years. The seat of the court is established at The Hague, a session shall be held each year, beginning June 15, and an extraordinary session may be called whenever necessary by the president of the court, who must reside at The Hague. The full court of eleven judges shall sit, but if eleven are not available nine judges shall suffice to constitute the court. Three judges sit in chambers annually to hear and determine summary procedure. Salaries of the court are fixed and expenses borne by the league of nations.

The questions which the court is competent to determine between members of the league are given as follows:

"The interpretation of a treaty.

"Any question of international law.

"The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute

a breach of an international obligation.

"The nature or extent of reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.

"The interpretation of a sentence passed by the court."

The court also shall take cognizance of all disputes of any kind which may be submitted to it by a general or particular convention between the parties.

The official language of the court is French, but another language may be authorized at the request of parties to a case.

THE CZECHO-SLOVAKIA REPUBLIC

By Prof. J. J. Zmrhal, who recently returned from a visit to the new Republic, and has written articles for the Chicago Evening Journal. The following

are used by permission:

It will be well in starting to have the country and the people firmly fixed in the reader's mind. There seems to be considerable confusion of terms. Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia, Moravia, etc., are high sounding names which remind the average American of the din of the world's war and the reorganization of Central Europe, but beyond that convey very little meaning. I shall attempt to make these names clear to my readers in as simple a manner as possible.

When Austria-Hungary collapsed, it resolved itself into its component parts as follows: Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia (Austrian) and Slovakia countries inhabited by Czechs and Slovaks, two very closely related nationalities, were made into one Republic; namely, the Czechoslovak Republic; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia, and certain parts of Carniola and Istria, countries inhabited by Croatians, Slovenes and Serbs, three nationalities speaking practically the same language, joined with Serbia and Montenegro to form the country of the Southern Slavs, or Jugoslavia (Jugo meaning Southern). Roumanians of Transylvania joined Roumania, Galician Poles joined liberated Poland, and the Italian Irrdenta of Tyrol and other parts of former Austria joined Italy. Thus out of this old Austria-Hungary arose just three new independent Republics; namely, the Czechoslovak Republic, Austria, and the Republic of Hungary. In fact, disintegration of Austria-Hungary added only one new independent state to the nations of Europe, i. e., Czechoslovakia. By this I do not mean that the Czechoslovak nation had never formed an independent state, on the contrary, it existed as such long before Austria-Hungary was even dreamt of (Xth to the beginning of XVII century). What I wish to make clear is, that dismemberment of Austria did not result in a multitude of small states, as some writers would have it, and that the situation in Central Europe has not been much complicated by the new order of things.

To recapitulate: Jugoslavia, or the Country of the Southern Slavs, is Serbia and Montenegro with the Southern Slavs of former Austria added; Czechoslovakia is the Republic of the Czechs and Slovaks and comprises four countries, namely, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Slovakia, with the Uhrorusins (Hungarian Russians) who asked to be