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The total costs of a waterway, a river district, or a system of waterways may be reckoned as fundamental in matters of inner navigation for the estimation of navigation expenses.

These provisions apply also to timber floating on navigable waterways.

Only the Government may impose other or higher taxes on foreign ships and their cargoes than on German ships and their cargoes.

For the procuring of means for the maintenance and equipment of the German system of waterways the Government may call on the participators in navigation for contributions in other ways.

ARTICLE 100. To cover the cost of maintenance and construction of inner navigation routes any person who in any other way than through navigation derives profit from the construction of dams that shut off valleys may also be called upon for contribution, whenever several States are involved, or the Government bears the cost of the outlay.

ARTICLE 101. It is the duty of the Government to take over as its own property and into its own administration all sea signals, especially lighthouses, lightships, buoys, floats and beacons. After such taking over sea signals may be repaired or improved only by the Government or with its consent.

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

ARTICLE 102. Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.

ARTICLE 103. Regular justice shall be administered through the national courts and through the State courts.

ARTICLE 104. Judges administering regular justice shall be appointed for life. They may be permanently or temporarily removed from office or transferred to another office, or retired against their will, only by virtue of judicial decision and for the grounds and in the forms provided by law. The law code may fixe age limitations, on reaching which judges may be retired. The temporary relief from office consequent on law is not affected by this article.

In case of a change in the organization of the courts or their jurisdiction districts the administration of justice in the province may decree transfer against desire to another court or removals from office, but only under allowances of full salary.

These provisions have no application to commercial judges, rural justices, and jurymen.

ARTICLE 105. Extraordinary courts are illegal. No one shall be removed from the jurisdiction of his legal judge. Provisions made by law for martial courts and military courts are not affected hereby. Military courts of honor are suspended.

ARTICLE 106. Military justice is to be suspended, except in time of war or on board warships. Further details are regulated by national law.

ARTICLE 107. Administrative courts, both of the nation and the states, must, according to law, protect the individual against dispositions and provisions of administrative officials.

ARTICLE 108. According to national law a National Supreme Court is established for the German Nation.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE GERMANS-
THE INDIVIDUAL.

ARTICLE 109. All Germans are equal before the law. Men and women have fundamentally the same civil rights and duties. Public advantages or disadvantages of birth or rank are to be suspended. Titles of nobility shall be accepted only as part of a name and may not be conferred any longer. Titles may be conferred only when they designate an office or a profession; academic degrees are not affected by this provision. Orders and insignias of orders may not be conferred by the State. No German may accept a title or order from a foreign government.

ARTICLE 110. Citizenship in the nation and the states may be acquired or lost according to the provisions of national law. Every citizen of a State is at the same time a citizen of the nation. Every German in every State of the nation has the same rights and duties as the citizens of the State itself.

ARTICLE 111. All Germans enjoy the right of free travel throughout the whole nation. Every one has the right of sojourn and settlement in any place within the nation, the right to acquire real estate and to pursue every means of livelihood. Limitations require the issuance of a Government decree.

ARTICLE 112. Every German has the right to emigrate to countries outside Germany. Emigration may be limited only by national law. All citizens of the nation have right of protection by the Government both within and without the national boundaries as against foreign countries. No German may be delivered over to a foreign Government for prosecution or punishment.

ARTICLE 113. Those elements of the nation speaking a foreign

language may not be impaired judicially or administratively in their free and popular development, especially in the use of their mother tongue for instruction, or in matters of internal administration and the administration of justice.

ARTICLE 114. Freedom of the person cannot be impaired. An impairment or withdrawal of personal liberty through public power is admissible only as prescribed by law. Persons, whose freedom is taken from them, are to be informed at latest on the following day by what official and on what grounds their liberty was taken from them, and they shall immediately receive an opportunity to present objections against this loss of freedom.

ARTICLE 115. The home of every German is his place of refuge and cannot be violated. Exceptions are admissible only as prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 116. No action can be penalized, if penalty is provided by law, before the action has been committed.

ARTICLE 117. Secrecy of letters and of postal, telegraph and telephone services cannot be impaired. Exceptions may be admissible only as prescribed by national law.

ARTICLE 118. Every German has the right within the limits of the general laws to express his opinion by word, in writing, printing, by picture, or in any other way. No connection with his labor or employment shall hinder him in the exercise of this right, and no one may injure him if he makes use of this right.

No censorship exists, though different provisions may be passed by law in the case of moving pictures. Legal measures are also permissible for combating obscene and indecent literature, as well as for the protection of youth at public plays and spectacles.

THE SOCIAL LIFE.

ARTICLE 119. Marriage, as the foundation of family life and of the maintenance and increasing of the nation, is under the particular protection of the Constitution. It is based upon the equal rights of both sexes. The maintaining of the purity, the health, and the social advancement of the family is the task of the State and the communities. Families with numerous children have a claim for compensating care. Motherhood has a claim upon the protection and care of the State.

ARTICLE 120. The education of offspring to physical, mental, and social efficiency is the highest duty and natural right of parents, whose activities are watched over by the political community.

ARTICLE 121. Illegitimate children are to be provided by legislation with the same conditions for their physical, mental, and social development as those of legitimate children.

ARTICLE 122. Youth is to be protected against exploitation, as well as against a lack of moral, mental, or physical guarantees. The State and the communities are to take the necessary steps to this end. Compulsory measures for welfare can be ordered only on the basis of the law.

ARTICLE 123. All Germans have the right to gather in meetings peaceably and unarmed without announcement or particular permission. Meetings in the open may be made liable to previous announcement by a national law and, in the presence of immediate danger to the public order, may be forbidden.

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ARTICLE 124. All Germans have the right to form societies or associations for purposes not contrary to the penal law. right cannot be limited through preventive measures. provisions apply to religious societies and unions.

Every association has the right to acquire legal character in accordance with the civil law. No society may be refused this right because it pursues a political, social-political or religious object.

ARTICLE 125. Liberty of the suffrage and its secrecy are guaranteed. Details will be laid down by the election laws.

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ARTICLE 126. Every German has the right to appeal to the competent authorities or to the representatives of the people with written requests or grievances. This right may be exercised by individuals as well as by several persons together.

ARTICLE 127. Communities and community associations have the right of self-administration within the limits of the law.

ARTICLE 128. All citizens of the State, without distinction, are to be admitted to public office according to the provisions of the law and their abilities. All exceptional regulations against female officials and employes are set aside. The principles of official relations are to be regulated by a national law.

ARTICLE 129. The employment of State officials is for life, in so far as it is not provided differently by law. Pension-salaries and pensions for relatives and dependents are regulated by law. The legally acquired rights of the officials are inviolable. The legal way is open to officials for their property claims. The officials can be suspended, either temporarily or definitely, or transferred to another position with smaller salary, only under legal provisions.

Against every demand for punishment in the service, a form of appeal and the possibility for a reopening of the trial are to be provided. In the investigation of the person of an official, facts against the official are to be recorded only when the official has had the opportunity to express himself as to the complaint. The official is to be permitted to inspect the complaint.

The inviolability of the acquired rights and the maintenance of the legal way for property complaints are especially assured to the professional soldier. For the rest, their position is regulated by national law.

ARTICLE 130. The officials are servants of the whole community, not of a party. To all officials freedom of their political beliefs and right of association is assured. The officials receive, according to special provisions in the national law, special representa

ARTICLE 131. In case an official during the exercise of his public duties violates the duties which he owes to a third person, the responsibility comes upon the State or the authority in whose services the official is. The right to take counteraction against the official is reserved by the State. The regular lawful way shall not be excluded. The detail regulation comes under the apportioning legislation.

ARTICLE 132. Every German, according to the provision of the law, has the duty to accept honorary offices.

ARTICLE 133. All citizens are obliged, according to law, to perform personal service for the State and the community. The duty of military service is regulated according to the National Army law. This determines also how far certain fundamental provisions are to be restricted for the members of the army in order that they may fulfill their duties and that military discipline may be, preserved.

ARTICLE 134. All citizens, without any distinction. shall contribute according to their means to carrying all public burdens, according to the provisions of the law.

RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

ARTICLE 135. All inhabitants of the nation shall enjoy complete liberty of worship and conscience. Undisturbed enjoyment of religious liberties is assured by the Constitution and is under national protection. This provision leaves the general national laws untouched.

ARTICLE 136. Civic rights, State rights and duties are neither conditioned nor limited by the enjoyment of religious liberties. The

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