THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

Α

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XXIV

SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE to SHUTTLE

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XXIV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

{

Radcliffe Observer, Oxford. Professor of Astronomy in the University of Dublin Schönfeld, Eduard.
and Royal Astronomer of Ireland, 1892-1897.

A. Cy.

A. C. G.

A. E. H.

A. B. J.

A. F. L.

A. F. P.

ARTHUR ERNEST COWLEY, M.A., LITT D.

Samaritans;
Seadiah.

Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and Fellow of Magdalen College.
ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF GUENTHER, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.
Keeper of Zoological Department, British Museum, 1875-1895. Gold Medallist,
Royal Society, 1878. Author of Catalogues of Colubrine Snakes, Batrachia, Salientia, Shark (in part).
and Fishes in the British Museum; &c.

{

Serrano y Dominguez,

Francisco.

Fellow, Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Senior Series.
Mathematical Scholar, 1892.

ARTHUR FRANCIS LEACH, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Charity Commissioner for England and Wales.
Formerly Assistant-Secretary of the Board of Education. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford, 1874-1881. Author of English Schools at the Reformation; &c.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Schools.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Sanders, Nicholas.
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somersel; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.
SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent Septuagint, The.
College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of
Mysore Educational Service.

A. M. Cl.

REV. ALLAN MENZIES, D.D.

Scotland: History;
Second Sight.

{

Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, St Mary's College, St Andrews. Author Scotland, Church of. of History of Religion; &c. Editor of Review of Theology and Philosophy.

AGNES MURIEL CLAY (Mrs Wilde).

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of Sources Senate.
of Roman History, 133-70 B.C.