leges and universities, and that professorships or departments d voted to its study be established where they do not exist in every i stitution of higher learning.

ARTICLE 28.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, recognizing growing importance of a knowledge of international law to all pe sons who intend to devote themselves to the administration of justi and who, through their professional occupation, may contrib largely to the formation of public opinion and who may often vested with the highest offices in the State and Nation, earnestly quests all law schools which now offer no instruction in internatio law to add to their curriculum a thorough course in that subject.

ARTICLE 29.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress regards it as hig desirable, upon the initiative of institutions where instruction in in national law is lacking, to take steps toward providing such instr tion by visiting professors or lecturers, this instruction to be gi in courses, and not in single lectures, upon substantive princip not upon popular questions of momentary interest, and in a scienti spirit, not in the interest of any propaganda.

ARTICLE 30.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends establishment and encouragement in institutions of specialized cou in preparation for the diplomatic and consular services.

ARTICLE 31.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress advises that study of international law be required in specialized course preparation for business.

ARTICLE 32.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress urges that in study and teaching of international law in American institutions learning special stress be laid upon problems affecting the Amer Republics and upon doctrines of American origin.

ARTICLE 33.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress extends to the A ican Institute of International Law a cordial welcome into the cir of scientific organizations of Pan America, and records a sin wish for its successful career and the achievement of the hig aims of its important labors.

ARTICLE 34.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends to all educational establishments of America the special study of the constitutions, laws, and institutions of the Republics of this continent.

ARTICLE 35.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress recommends to the various universities of the American Republics that a comparative study of judicial institutions be undertaken in order

(a) To create special interest therein in the several countries of the continent.

(b) To facilitate the knowledge and solution of problems of private international law in the American countries.

(c) To bring about as far as possible uniformity in jurisprudence and legislation.

ARTICLE 36.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, in order to broaden the outlook and to bring into closer contact the members of the legal profession, urges that the bar association exchange among themselves

(a) Law books and publications affecting the legal profession and he practice of law.

(b) New codes of law and rules of procedure as they are hereafter ›ublished.

GENERAL SESSION OF SECTION VI.

SHOREHAM HOTEL,

Tuesday morning, December 28, 1915.

Chairman, JAMES BROWN SCOTT.

The meeting was called to order at 10 o'clock by the chairman. The CHAIRMAN. It is my very great pleasure on behalf of the congress to declare its sixth section in session. It is further my very great pleasure on behalf of the congress to welcome to the city of Washington our distinguished delegates and to express the hope that they may so discuss the problems of international law, of public law. and of jurisprudence, that by an exchange of views and by the conclusions which may be reached the cause of international law, of public law, and of jurisprudence may be advanced in this Western Continent, of which we are all happy at this moment, and at all times, to be a part.

The section has been divided into three sub-sections one devoted to the consideration of questions of international law, the president of which is Dr. Charles Noble Gregory, formerly dean of the State University of Iowa and now of the George Washington University. who has devoted a lifetime to the study of international questions. A sub-section has been created for the consideration of questions of public law which are believed to be of a kind, not merely to interest some of the countries, but all of the American Republics. This subsection will be presided over by his excellency Governor Simeon E. Baldwin, formerly chief justice of the supreme court of errors of Connecticut, whose titles to fame are not merely those of a jurist and of an expert in international law, but also those of an expert in the difficult questions of the conflict of laws, as well as in public law, in which broad domain he has had practical as well as theoretical experience.

The third section, devoted to jurisprudence, is presided over by Professor Eugene Wambaugh, of Harvard University, who will meet with those who care to discuss this subject, and who honor us by their presence, in the hope that in some way the principles underlying not merely international law but public law and law in general may be made clearer by discussion and an exchange of views than they have been heretofore to the publicists of the different American countries.

I desire with your permission to offer some observations of a general nature tending to show the importance that a meeting of this kind has, and that meetings of this kind must necessarily have, where representatives of different countries come together and compete in friendly rivalry.

The Second Pan American Scientific Congress will have official delegates from each of the 21 American Republics. These delegates will take part in the discussion of the important subjects of the program. The conclusions reached will be valuable and foundations will be laid for helpful cooperation in the future. Through the personal intercourse of the delegates, the friendships formed through cooperation in a common work, and the respect that can not fail to spring from personal contact, there will result necessarily a clearer view of the ability, the aims, and the purposes of the countries themselves.

But it is not merely official delegates that come together and meet upon a plane of equality. The institutions of learning and scientific bodies of all the American countries have been invited to attend the congress and to take part in its discussions through representatives of their own choice. Distinguished persons other than official delegates or the representatives of institutions and of scientific associations have been invited to honor the congress with their presence, so that it can be said that the congress through its personnel represents the countries, the institutions of learning, and the scientific and scholarly thought of the 21 free and independent States of the American Continent.

It will be observed that this is the second congress of this kind, and yet in a certain sense it may be called the first, because its immediate predecessor, which met in Chile, in the city of Santiago, December 25, 1908, to January 5, 1909, was in the nature of an experiment, which succeeded so admirably that another congress, which it is hoped will be a link in an endless chain, was determined upon to meet in the capital of the United States.

The congress that assembled at Santiago was not the first scientific body in which the Republics to the south of the United States were represented. It was, however, the first in which the United States was asked to participate. One had met in Buenos Aires in 1898, a second at Montevideo in 1901, and a third four years later at Rio de Janeiro; but the United States, its institutions of learning, its scientific associations, its scientists, were not invited. Undoubtedly our friends to the south would, with that delicacy of feeling and inborn courtesy which characterizes them, have replied, if asked why the United States was overlooked, that the congresses were meetings of Latin American scholars; that they were in the nature of experiments; that

they did not feel justified in inviting the United States officially to participate until it was seen whether the experiments were likely to prove successful; and that the experience already had with the three Latin American congresses having convinced them of the usefulness and the importance of such gatherings, the United States was invited to attend the congress in Chile. If this reply were made it would be true, for the Latin American countries have a certain hesitancy in inviting the great Republic to the north, with its different traditions, its different language, and its different ways of thought. But there are other reasons which are not quite so flattering to the people of the United States. The fact is that our southern neighbors have sometimes been in doubt as to our honorable intentions, even when we have been wooing them, as it were. They were very grateful for our recognition of their independence and for the Monroe Doctrine, which seemed to assure its continuance. The Mexican War of 1845-1818. which resulted in the defeat of Mexico and the loss of an important part of its territory, seemed to them unprovoked and ungenerous on the part of the United States. The Spanish-American War of 1898 excluded Spain from the Western Hemisphere and was disquieting to Latin America, which had long since cherished friendly relations with the mother country, whose language it speaks for the most part and whose traditions are also its traditions. And, finally, the acquisition of the Panama Canal by methods of which Latin America appears to have disapproved suggested the possibility that the United States considered the territory between the Rio Grande and the canal as merely held in trust for the great Republic until it cares to enter upon and to realize its imperial destiny.

The visit of Mr. Elihu Root when Secretary of State to South America, the series of addresses which he delivered during his visit. especially his address as honorary president of the Third Pan American Conference at Rio, and the interest which Mr. Root took in securing the representation of Latin America in the Second Hague Peace Conference and the postponement of that conference to such a time as Latin America could be represented, followed by the official visit of Secretary Knox to Central America and later by the unofficial visit of Mr. Robert Bacon to South America in the footsteps of Mr. Root, had led to a friendlier and a kindlier feeling on the part of Latin America. But love will not keep house with fear, and confidence is a plant of slow growth. There are many and competent judges in the United States who unfortunately feel that Latin America is not quite at its ease in diplomatic, political, or financial conferences in which the United States is represented, and that, if a trite classical allusion be pardoned, they fear the Greeks "et dona ferentes." There is, however, a broad field of endeavor and achievement open alike to all the American States