id. Tusc. Disp. i. 11. 23: quare si, ut ista non disserantur, liberari mortis metu possumus, id agamus. id. Lael. 20. 76: ut neque rectum neque honestum sit nec fieri possit ut non statim alienatio disiunctioque facienda sit. Hor. Epp. i. 18. 16, scilicet ut non sit, etc., is sometimes classed with the foregoing material, but the word order is against this interpretation: sit and elatrem are probably deliberatives. It was with some hesitation at first that I classed the above clauses introduced by ut non as stipulative, yet the use of non, neque where we should expect ne, neve is so common, that the use of non here need cause no surprise. Thus from the earliest period we find non, neque used with the optative subjunctive, e.g. Plaut. Cist. 555; Cic. ad Att. xi. 9. 3; Plaut. Curc. 27; Pseud. 271 f.; Cic. pro Cael. 6. 14. So with the prohibitive, e.g. Plaut. Stich. 149; Rud. 1028; Bacch. 476; Capt. 605. Also in adversative ("concessive ") clauses introduced by ut, e.g. Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 18. 16; ad Att. ii. 15. 2; Phil. xii. 3. 8. Cf. also the late use of dum modo non in Juv. vii. 222. In the stipulative itself, in conformity with its jussive origin, the negative is regularly ne, invariably so in the early period; yet nec occurs in Plaut. As. 236, and in Cic. Laelius, 15. 52. Under these circumstances I believe we have sufficient warrant for admitting the possibility of ut non in a truly stipulative construction. So far as meaning is concerned, it seems impossible to explain the above clauses with ut non as consecutive, though all scholars who have expressed an opinion upon the subject adopt this view. On the other hand, they all are perfect examples of the stipulative, illustrating familiar types discussed in the earlier part of this investigation, particularly types (a) and (ƒ). As stated at the outset of this paper, the grammarians give in effect no recognition to the idiom I have been discussing. Schmalz, in the third edition of his Syntax, § 325, observes "Das aus dem konsekutiven ut ohne weiteres sich ergebende kondizionale ut gehört der ganzen Latinität an." He then cites a solitary example, Publ. Syrus, 577: rex esse nolim, ut esse crudelis velim. But this example represents but one phase, and a relatively infrequent phase, of our idiom, while its consecutive character, as maintained by Schmalz, has been, I think, fully disproved. I question, too, whether the term "condizionales," which Schmalz applies to the ut-clause in the example from Publius Syrus, at all accurately designates the force of the clause here. Certainly it would be entirely inadequate to cover the great bulk of the examples I have quoted. Riemann, Syntaxe Latine, p. 333, § 197, Rem. II, recognizes our restrictive type1 of the stipulative, but only by the scantiest reference, and, like Schmalz, takes it as consecutive in character, even when introduced by ne (§ 199). Beyond recognition of the restrictive stipulative, he does not go. The origin of the stipulative clause, its fundamental force, and its other important logical developments, he ignores. Apart from Schmalz and Riemann, I have found no recognition of the construction in any quarter where one might naturally look for it. The dictionaries likewise ignore it. 1 Allen and Greenough (Lat. Gram. § 319. b) also recognize the restrictive use, but despite the negative employed in it (ne, ut ne) class the clause as one of result. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL SESSION OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION HELD AT MADISON, WISCONSIN, JULY, 1900. MEMBERS IN ATTENDANCE AT THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL SESSION (MADISON, WIS.). R. Arrowsmith, New York, N. Y. William N. Bates, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Edward A. Bechtel, Chicago, Ill. Demarchus C. Brown, Butler College, Irvington, Ind. Carl D. Buck, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Isaac B. Burgess, Morgan Park, Ill. Theodore C. Burgess, Peoria, Ill. Edward Capps, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Jesse Benedict Carter, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. Mary Emily Case, Wells College, Aurora, N. Y. A. C. Chapin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. H. B. Foster, Baltimore, Md. Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O. H. Z. McLain, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ill. Edward T. Owen, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. R. B. Steele, University of Illinois, Bloomington, Ill. F. B. Tarbell, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Arthur T. Walker, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Alexander M. Wilcox, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. [Total, 35.] i |