25. The Barriλixòs Aoyos, by Theodore C. Burgess, of the Bradley Polytechnic Institute. The Barilikòs Móyos is one of the oldest, most distinctive, and persistent types of epideictic speech. Its prominence is inferred from its theme, from the conspicuous place and great fulness of detail given to it in the rhetorical treatise by Menander, from the very large number of extant or reported examples, and the fact that its Tómo are prominent in so many other forms of epideictic oratory. In many of these other types the distinctive title represents only a trifling part, and after a few sentences the speech becomes a pure ßaσiλikòs Xóyos. It also enters largely into various speeches in praise of cities, and forms the basis of all eulogistic biography. This fact, well recognized by the ancients, has recently been given prominence by Gudeman's noteworthy demonstration in the case of Tacitus's Agricola. Menander defines the βασιλικός λόγος as an ἐγκώμιον βασιλέως. It thus stands naturally at the head of the vast body of encomiastic speech, and if choice were to be made, far more justly than any other, it might be termed the representative theme of epideictic literature. Rhetorical treatment is found in Menander. Dionys. of Hal. practically includes it, as he does several other types, in his rules for the Panegyric. The Barilikòs Xoyos flourishes most naturally among a subject people. Many speeches of this character are connected with Philip and Alexander and the Macedonian supremacy. It has a poetic antecedent in praises of Zevs Bariλeus and other gods in the poets. The very composition of a Pindaric ode, as well as its purpose, involves some of its most essential features, eg. the 2d Pythian. Many might be analyzed to show the τόποι of the βασιλικός λόγος. It has, like so many other epideictic types, a well-defined model in Plato. The speech of Agathon in the Symposium (194 E-198) is of this character. Space does not admit of giving a list of Barthikol Móyoi, extending, as it does, from Isocrates and Plato on through the Christian Fathers. Among the most notable extant speeches are those by Aristides (or. 9) and Julian (or. 1), and these may be taken as models. [These were then analyzed and compared with the regulations of Menander's treatise. Julian's Praise of Eusebia was also shown to conform to the same type.] In Themistius and Libanius we find a different type of Bariλikòs Xoyos. They are less of the copy-book style. Menander's general outline is there, but great freedom is taken in the order, prominence, or omission of topics. Parts of the orations of Themistius and Libanius are so general and impersonal and essay-like in character that they approach the form of a theoretical treatise on the duties and responsibilities of a king. A large class of orations under the title #epi Baoiλeías has, as an avowed purpose, to picture the ideal prince, to lay down the principles upon which he must base his rule, to present a code of morals, and offer precepts appropriate for his guidance under any circumstances likely to arise under his administration of the sovereignty. This, like the pоTреπTIKÓS, is a union of the parenetic and epideictic elements, and with it forms the oldest example of a combination of rhetoric and popular philosophy. In many cases the prince to whom the Tepi Baoiλeías is addressed is named in the title; in others it may be learned from internal or external evidence. Nearly all were connected with some individual, and so furnished a temptation to epideictic display similar to that offered by the Barilikòs λóyos itself. The Ad Nicoclem of Isocrates is an excellent example of a repi Baoiλelas. Cf. also Ad Demon. and Nicocles. He has also a Bariλɩkòs Xóyos in outline in Phil. 109 sqq. and another in Ep. 9, 1-7. Four orations under the title Tepi Baoiλeías are found in the list of Antisthenes' writings, and from this time on no single theme in moralizing rhetorical philosophy is more popular. Here too a list might be given. The προσφωνητικός λόγος is a mere variant of the βασιλικός. It is defined as a kindly address to a ruler. Orations by Aristides, Libanius, Dion Chrysostomus, or Himerius might be analyzed to show this. The same might be done with several other types of epideictic speech. The paper also referred at some length to the reproduction of the Baσilikos Móyos in Italy and England. Cf. Symonds' Italian Renaissance, Burckhardt's Renaissance in Italy, Nickol's Progress and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, Spenser Society Publications, Arber's English Garner, Blakey's History of Political Literature, and the like. The paper also presented an outline of a larger paper, of which this was a condensation of a single chapter. This larger paper follows the progress of the word éπideĺkvvu and its derivatives from ordinary to technical use; gives a sketch of epideictic literature in general, and with detail in the case of the Bariλikós, the προσφωνητικός, the γενεθλιακός, παράδοξα ἐγκώμια, the epithalamium, prose hymns and other more poetic forms. Separate chapters are also given to the special relations of epideictic oratory and (1) poetry, (2) history, (3), philosophy. Adjourned at 4.55 P.M. MORNING SESSION. MADISON, July 5, 1900. The Association convened at 9.40. During the previous hour the members had enjoyed a ride in the electric cars by invitation of the street railroad company. The Committee to audit the Acting Treasurer's accounts reported, through Professor Brown, that it had examined the accounts of the Acting Treasurer, compared them with the vouchers, and found them. correct. The Committee on Officers for 1900-1901 reported, through Professor Tarbell, the following recommendations: President, Samuel Ball Platner, Western Reserve University. Charles Forster Smith, University of Wisconsin. Secretary and Treasurer, Herbert Weir Smyth, Bryn Mawr College. Executive Committee, The above-named officers, and Harold North Fowler, Western Reserve University. George Hempl, University of Michigan. Francis A. March, Lafayette College. Elmer Truesdell Merrill, Wesleyan University. William A. Merrill, University of California. On motion of Professor Hale, it was voted that the Acting Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of the Association for the persons named in the recommendation, which being done, they were declared duly elected. The Committee on Time and Place of Meeting in 1901 reported, through Professor Fowler, in favor of holding the next annual meeting at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., beginning on Tuesday, July 9, 1901. Adopted. The Executive Committee reported, through the Acting Secretary, that the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast had applied for affiliation with the American Philological Association. The Executive Committee made the following recommendation: That the members of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast be enrolled as members of the American Philological Association; that all dues by such members be paid directly to the American Philological Association; that the local expenses of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast be paid by the American Philological Association; that the Proceedings of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast be printed as an appendix, not to exceed twentyfive pages, to the PROCEEDINGS of the American Philological Association; that the Executive Committee of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast shall, if possible, approve and send to the Executive Committee of the American Philological Association five of the papers read at the annual meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast, and that from these five papers at least two papers or twenty pages, and more if feasible, shall, if approved by the Executive Committee of the American Philological Association, be printed in the TRANSACTIONS. On motion of Professor Gudeman, seconded by Professor Hale, it was voted to accept the report of the Executive Committee. It was moved by Professor Gudeman that the Constitution be amended to provide for a class of Foreign Honorary Members of the Association. Professor Gudeman read a tentative list of names of eligible persons. Moved by Professor Hale and seconded by Professor Slaughter that the matter be referred to the Executive Committee with instructions to report, if possible, at the meeting to be held at Philadelphia in December, in order that the matter may be further discussed before final action at the next annual meeting. Remarks were made by Professors Capps, Merrill, Hale, and Fowler. The motion was carried. The following resolution was offered by Professor Merrill, seconded by Professor Tarbell, and adopted by a rising vote :— Resolved, That the American Philological Association, in bringing its thirtysecond annual session to a close, desires to express its cordial thanks to the authorities of the University of Wisconsin for the privilege of meeting in their buildings, to Mr. B. J. Stevens and the citizens of Madison for their gracious hospitality, particularly at the Lakeside Cottage and on the Lake last evening, to Major Oakley, for the pleasant trip this morning in the electric car, and to Professor Smith and his colleagues on the Local Committee for the thoughtful provision which has been made for the comfort and pleasure of the members of the Association at this meeting. Professor Hempl moved that a committee be appointed to report at the Philological Congress at Philadelphia, whether it is advisable and feasible for the various societies there represented to undertake the preparation of a Philological Index to the literature of the last twenty-five years of this century, or of a longer period; and that the secretary of each society be requested to appoint one member to represent his society on the committee. Professor Hempl was appointed to represent the Association. 26. The Origin of Latin -issimus, by Professor George Hempl, of the University of Michigan. The usual Latin superlative ending -issimus is simply a t-extension of -(i)semo-, cf. -temo--emo-, -tero- | -ero-. The paper will appear in the Classical Review. Remarks were made on this paper by Professor Buck, and in reply by Professor Hempl. 27. The Psychological Basis of Word Order, by Professor Hempl. The writer showed that the basis of word order, like that of sentence stress, lies not in the grammatical categories, but in the psychological, though the order thus produced later becomes, to a large extent, associated with the grammatical categories with which the psychological categories most frequently coincide. All treatment of the subject must be based on a study of the relations of the psychological categories. 28. Was Attis at Rome under the Republic? by Dr. Grant Showerman, of the University of Wisconsin. This paper appears in full in the TRANSACTIONS. 29. The Genitive and Ablative of Description,' by Professor William Gardner Hale, of the University of Chicago. In Nos. XI, 2, and XI, 4, of the Archiv, Wölfflin has presented the results of an investigation of the origin and uses of the Genitive and Ablative of Description, made by Mr. George Edwards in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (June, 1899) of the Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Edwards's dissertation has since been published (1900). There are some small differences between the two presentations, which cannot be dealt with in this brief article. The underlying theory is the old one, that the Genitive, as the case of Possession, expresses permanent qualities, while the Ablative, as the case of Accompaniment, expresses passing and changing qualities.2 These proper distinctions, however, it is said, are more or less traversed by several other considerations, (1) partly historical, (2) partly of form, (3) partly of sound, (4) partly of metre, (5) partly of word-meaning, and (6) partly of the "subjective" view of the writer. These considerations may be briefly illustrated as follows: (1) The Ablative construction is the older. Hence the Genitive construction comes in slowly, even where it would be more suitable than the Ablative. (2) The word vis is not employed in the Genitive construction before the third century, since no Genitive form was in use. The Genitives of the fifth declension were avoided because of their ambiguity; though spei does come in with Caesar, to express the idea of "promise," as distinct from that of "hope." For the same reason the Genitive of par was avoided, and the Genitive of Adjectives in -is. — (3) Combinations like multarum causarum were avoided, on account of the rhyme. (4) Corpore fits into the fifth foot of the hexameter, and, through its considerable use in this construction in Lucretius and Virgil, and imitation in poets of the Silver Age, remained commoner than corporis. — (5) In Plautus, animus expresses the changing mental attitude, in Cicero an abiding mental character. Hence the Genitive is the proper case for Cicero; though he does employ the Ablative in a number of places where the Genitive would have fitted better. — (6) Lucretius and Virgil conceived weight as a temporary quality, and therefore use the Ablative of pondus. Caesar, and, after him, Livy, rightly conceived that weight was not an accident of matter, and said magni ponderis, etc. My criticism of the above would be briefly as follows: 1. The Genitive does not express the thing possessed (e.g. a quality), but that which possesses. The common conception, which for this construction has dominated the Grammars (and still dominates these two expositions), is thus founded upon a complete confusion of thought. Further, there is nothing in the case that gives it the power of expressing lasting possession. 2. Not merely temporary physical attributes, but permanent as well, may be expressed by the Ablative; e.g. "with a sickly body" (perhaps a temporary condi 1 The paper will be published in the Am. Journ. Phil. * Thus, Middendorf Grüter, Lat. Schulgr. § 200; Menge (in substance), Lat. Gramm. § 145: Rawlins and Inge, Eton Lat. Gramm.; Harkness, § 473; Gildersleeve, Gramm.,“ Principal Rules," 82; Bennett, Appendix, § 322. Lattmann, Lane, and several others, on the other hand, recognizing that the facts do not tally with these statements, say that to a certain extent the two constructions are interchangeable. Krüger's modified doctrine that the Genitive expresses a thing as it is, the Ablative as it appears, also has defenders; e.g. Golling, Gymn. VI, 1 and 2. The order here chosen is my own. |