Political facts are elusive and evanescent. We no sooner have laid hold on facts than transformations take place that render facts uncertain and subject all information to a serious element of error. It is extremely difficult to discern the progressive and retrogressive changes in human affairs. All that can be done is to catch interpretative glimpses of the complex movements in which we participate. In the trenchant words of Lord Morley, "The fundamental reform for which the times call is rather a reconsideration of the ends for which all civilized government exists, in a word, for the return to a saner measure of social values."1
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
JAMES BRYCE, Modern Democracies, 2 vols. (The Macmillan Company, 1921).
A suggestive analysis of the principles and problems of democratic government and the application of these principles and problems to the operation of government in France, Switzerland, Canada, United States, Australia and New Zealand. See especially Parts
C. E. MERRIAM, American Political Ideas (The Macmillan Company, 1920).
FREDERICK A. CLEVELAND and JOSEPH SCHAFER, Editors, Democracy in Reconstruction (Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1919).
1 Miscellanies, vol. iv, p. 271.
Prepare a chart showing the present party divisions in the United States. Show how these parties are related to the standard divisions as between the radicals and conservatives.
Adams, John, Works, 132 n.
Administration, definition of, 313;
distinction between politics and
administration, 315-317; organi-
zation of state, 321-323; reorgani-
zation of state, 323-326; reorgani-
zation in Illinois of, 326-330; re-
organization in Idaho of, 330,
331; reorganization in Nebraska
of, 331, 332; reorganization in
Massachusetts of, 332, 333; gen-
eral principles of reorganization of,
335-338; of local government in
United States, 346-348; French
system of local, 348-353; central-
ization in, 356, 357; executive or-
ders in, 357, 358; method of set-
tling disputes in boards of, 390-
392; reorganization in Federal gov-
ernment of, 426–430.
Allen, P. L., "The Multifarious Aus-
tralian Ballot," 153 n; on reason
for change in ballots, 153.
American Bar Association, "Report of
the Special Committee to Suggest
Remedies and Formulate Proposed
Laws to Prevent Delay and Unnec-
essary Cost in Litigation," 375-377.
American Federal government, prece-
dents for, 226, 227; separation of
powers in, 228; checks and bal-
ances in, 229; distribution of pow-
ers in, 229-231; supremacy of ju-
diciary in, 231-236; decisions of
supreme court in development of,
236-243; congressional legislation
and a subsidy system in, 243-245;
Federal government in Canada
compared with, 248-250; Federal
government in Australia compared
with, 250-252; Federal govern-
ment in Switzerland compared
with, 252-256.
American Judicature Society, Bulle-
tins of, 362 n, 365 n, 368 n, 388 n;
"The Selection, Tenure, and Retire-
ment of Judges," "A Second Draft
of a State-wide Judicature Act," "A
Report on Commercial Arbitration
in England," "Organization of
Courts," 'Informal Procedure,"
398; Journal of, 368 n, 377 n, 378 n,
384 n, 385 n, 386 n, 388 n, 394 n,
396 n.
American Political Science Associa-
tion, Report to, on The Teaching of
Government, 77 n, 81.
Andrew, R. E., "The Grip of the
Gerrymander," 291 n.
Annals of American Academy of Poli-
tical and Social Science, "Public
Administration and Partisan Poli-
tics," 170; "Justice Through Sim-
plified Procedure," 364 n, 398;
"State Regulation of Public Utili-
ties," "Public Policies as to Mu-
nicipal Utilities," 506.
Antelope, The, 24 n.
Arbitration, in commercial disputes
in England, 388, 389; in commer-
cial disputes in United States, 389;
international, 518-520; recent
treaties on, 521-524; of labor dis-
putes in Australia, 570-572.
Aristotle, The Politics, 36 n.
Atkins, Willard E., 'The Kansas
Court of Industrial Relations,"
573 n.
Australia, principles of Federal gov-
ernment in, 250-252.
Ballot, Australian, 152-154; evils of
long, 154-156; short, 156-159;
preferential, 160-163.
Barnett, J. D., The Operation of the
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall
in Oregon, 126.
Bass, John H., "The Initiative and
Referendum in Oklahoma," 123 n;
on results of initiative and referen-
dum in Oklahoma, 123.
Beard, C. A., Readings on American
Government and Politics,
149 n; American Government and
Politics, 154 n, 155 n, 170; The
Supreme Court and the Constitution,
225; on lack of confidence in state
legislatures, 281; American City
Government, 441 n.
Bell, Finley F., "A Legislative Aid:
The Work and Functions of the
Legislative Reference Bureau of Il-
linois," 305 n.
Bentley, A. F., on failure to under-
stand public opinion, 85; The Proc-
ess of Government, 85, 102 n, 126.
Bernhardi, F. von, Britain as Ger-
many's Vassal, 38 n; on force the-
ory, 38.
Beyer, William C., "Employment
Standardization in the Public Serv-
ice," 185 n, 196.
Bill Drafting, in Swiss government,
254, 255; state bureaus for, 305-
308.
Bingham, Hiram, The Monroe Doc-
trine, an Obsolete Shibboleth, 533 n.
Boas, F., Mind of Primitive Man, 5.
Bogart, E. L., "Direct and Indirect
Costs of the Great World War,"
404 n.
Boots, Ralph S., "The Presidential
Primary," 141 n, 142 n, 170; The
Direct Primary in New Jersey,
144 n, 170; proposals for reform of
direct primary, 145 n.
Borgeaud, Charles, The Nature and
Adoption of Written Constitutions,
199 n.
Boston, C. A., on jury system, 371.
Bowen, Lord Chief Justice, on ju-
dicial reforms, 390.
Breasted, J. H., Ancient Times, 4 n,
II n; on political development in
Late Stone Age, 10.
Brooks, J. T., on evils of pass system
on railways, 465, 466.
Brooks, R. C., Government and Poli-
tics of Switzerland, 118 n, 119 #,
253 n, 258; on success of Swiss in-
itiative, 118; list of Swiss consti-
tutional amendments submitted by
initiative, 118; on division of pow-
ers in Swiss Federal system, 252-
254; on method of bill drafting in
Swiss Federal government, 255.
Brown vs. Maryland, 240, 241.
Bryce, James, "Relation of Political
Science to History and to Prac-
tice," 81; on formation of public
opinion, 89; The American Com-
monwealth, 92 n, 95 n, 97 n, 126,
139 n, 170; Modern Democracies,
281 n, 584.
Buck, A. E., on principles and pro-
cedure in centralized purchasing
systems, 455, 456.
Budget, present system of preparing
Federal, 416-419; English system
of, 419-421; contrast between Eng-
lish and American systems of, 421,
422; definition and types of, 422,
423; allotment system in, 424, 425;
principles in making, 425; duty of
President in preparation of, 428;
recent bills in Congress on, 430-
432; A. N. Holcombe on making
of state, 433, 434; types of state,
434-436; Maryland executive, 436–
438; progress of executive, 438-
440; essentials of state, 440, 441;
making of city, 441-444; New
York City, 442; model charter
and executive, 443, 444; executive,
454.
Bullock, C. J., "The Growth of Fed-
eral Expenditures in the United
States," 404 n; Selected Readings
in Public Finance, 458.
Bureau of Municipal Research (New
York), Bulletins of, 183 n; "The
Standardization of Public Employ-
ments," No. 67, 184 n, 185 n; on
plan for reorganization of state ad-
ministration, 333-335; "State Ad-
ministration," 359; "The Recent
Movement for State Budget Re-
form, 1911-1917," No. 91, 436 n;
"Budget Systems," No. 62; "The
Elements of State Budget Mak-
ing," No. 80, "Canadian Provin-
cial Budget Systems and Financial
History," No. 87, "The Recent
Movement for State Budget Re-
form," No. 91, "The Governor's
Budget in Maine," No. 92, "The
New York State Legislative Bud-
get and Financial Measures," No.
93, 459.
Burgess, J. W., Political Science and
Constitutional Law, 59, 561 n; on
theory underlying practice of ju-
dicial review of legislation in Amer-
ica, 213.
Canada, principles of federal govern-
ment in, 248-250.
Carnegie Foundation for the Ad-
vancement of Teaching, Bulletin
of, 361 n, 363 n.
Childs, R. S., Short Ballot Principles,
156 n, 157 n, 170.
Civil Service, Federal Act on, 179,
180; reform of, 181-184; stand-
ardization in, 184-188; in Eng-
land, 189-194; in France, 194, 195.
Clement, E. W., Constitutional Impe-
rialism in Japan, 41 n.
Cleveland, F. A., Organized Democ-
racy, 123 n; on duties and respon-
sibilities of citizens, 124-126; re-
port as chairman of president's
Commission on Economy and Ef-
ficiency, 429; on waste involved in
public debts, 446; on waste in pur-
chase of supplies, 453; and Buck,
Arthur E., The Budget and Respon-
sible Government, 459; and Schafer,
Joseph, Democracy and Reconstruc-
tion, 584.
Cohen, Julius Henry, Commercial Ar-
bitration and the Law, 399.
Coker, F. W., Readings in Political
Philosophy, 38 n, 42 n, 43 n, 44 n,
Colonies, government of, 543-548;
types of, 544; League of Nations
and control of, 547, 548.
Committee on Instruction, on scope
of political science, 77, 78.
Common Consent theory, ideal of, in
Declaration of Independence, 45;
President Wilson on, 45, 46.
Commons, J. R., Proportional Repre-
sentation, 290 n, 291 n; on Wiscon-
sin utility commission, 479; and
Andrews, John B., Principles of
Labor Legislation, 569 n, 573 n.
Compulsory voting, in foreign coun-
tries, 164-166; in the United
States, 166, 167.
Conciliation, Cleveland court of, 381-
383; methods of procedure in
courts of, 384, 385; courts of, in
Norway and Denmark, 386, 387;
in New York Municipal Court, 387,
388.
Constitutions, origin of, 199-201;
written and unwritten, 201-203;
flexible and rigid, 203; comparison
of English, French, and United
States, 203-205; general principles
of American theory of written, 208-
216; Marshall, on function of
courts to interpret written, 209-
211; separation of powers in state,
217-219.
Contract theory, Hobbes on, 42, 43;
Locke on, 43, 44; Rousseau on, 44,
45.
Cooke, M. W., on value of Philadel-
phia public utilities, 462.
Cooley, T. M., on natural rights, 221,
Coolidge, A. C., The United States as
a World Power, 552.
Courts, for trial of small claims, 380,
381; of conciliation, 381-389; in-
dustrial, of Great Britain, 572;
Kansas industrial, 572, 573; see
judicial administration, judicial or-
ganization, judicial procedure.
Croly, Herbert, Marcus Alonzo Han-
na: His Life and Work, 170.
Cummins, Senator, on power of Presi-
dent, 268.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward,
241.
Davis, Governor of Idaho, on success
of administrative reorganization,
331.
Dawson, Edgar, "The Invisible Gov-
ernment and Administrative Effi-
ciency," 169 n.
Dealey, J. Q., Growth of American
State Constitutions, 225.
business by administrative com-
missions, 567, 568.
Dunning, W. A., Political Theories,
Ancient and Mediaval; Political
Theories from Luther to Montes-
quieu; Political Theories from Rous-
seau to Spencer, 37 n, 59.
Eakin vs. Raub, 212 n.
Efficiency and Economy Committee (Il-
linois), report of, 326 n, 327 n,
328 n; President's commission on,
429, 430, 446 n.
Ellis, Ellen Deborah, "The Pluralistic
State," 54 n; opinion on pluralistic
doctrine, 57.
England, public opinion in, 92, 93.
Evans, Eldon C., A History of the
Australian Ballot System in the
United States, 152 n, 154 n.
Debel, N. H., "The Direct Primary Evans, Lawrence B., Cases on Con-
in Nebraska," 144 n.
Democracy, industrial, in relation to Executive, powers of, 317, 318; pow-
political state, 31-35.
Dewey, D. R., Financial History of
the United States, 404 n, 458.
Dicey, A. V., "Federal Government,"
256 n, 257 n.
Direct government, town meeting as
a form of, 110; landsgemeinde as
a form of, 110, 111; the referen-
dum, a device of, 111-113; the
initiative, a device of, 113-116;
the recall and, 116, 117.
Divine right theory, in Germany, 41,
42; opinion of Emperor William
on, 41, 42; in Japan, 41, 42.
Dodd, W. F., Modern Constitutions,
225, 255 n.
Dodds, H. W., on committees in state
legislatures, 285, 286; Procedure in
State Legislatures, 312.
Douglas, Paul H., "A System of Fed-
eral Grants in Aid," 245 n.
Duguit, Léon, "The Law and the
State," 55 m, 59; on metaphysical
and realistic doctrines of sover-
eignty, 55, 56.
Dunn, Samuel O., on regulation of
ers of European, 318, 319; powers
of American, 319–321.
Expenditures, growth of Federal, 403,
404; methods in Federal, 409–416;
Willoughby, W. F., on present sys-
tem of Federal, 418, 419; table on
increase of, 432; causes for increase
in, 448-453; reforms to improve
methods of, 453-456; control of,
for purchase of supplies and mate-
rials, 455, 456.
Fairlie, John A., on ordinance-making
powers of the President, 357; "Ad-
ministrative Legislation," 358 n.
Federal government, confederation
compared with, 226, 227; prob-
lems of, 256-258.
Figgis, J. N., Divine Right of Kings
and the Divine Right Rule, 39 n;
Churches in the Modern State, 56 n.
Fish, C. R., on spoils system, 175–
177: The Civil Service and the Pat-
ronage, 176 n, 179 n, 196; on early
American diplomacy, 510; Ameri-
can Diplomacy, 516 n, 534 n, 535 n,
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